French Essays Nineteenth Century French Fiction

cut Essays Nineteenth Century French FictionThe Representations of Women in Nineteenth Century French FictionDiscuss the representations of women in La Curee (by Zola),Germinie Lacerteux (by Edmond et Jules de Goncourt), La Dame aux Camelias (n.bthe play, non the novel by Dumas fils) and Le irascibility de Paris (by Baudelaire).This research investigates in depth therepresentations of women in such(prenominal) French metaphor as La Cure by Emile Zola,Germinie Lacerteux by Edmond and Jules de Goncourt, La Dame aux Camlias by AlexanderDumas the junior and Le Spleen de Paris by Charles Baudelaire. The receivedfindings extract that in these literary industrial plant the writers maintain the ideas of naturalism and naturalism in regard to female temperaments, rejecting the ro military manticportrayal of females and stressing on their freedom and intimateity. Somefindings of the dissertation are consistent with the earlier studies of Frenchliterature in the nineteenth century, w hile otherwise results provide newinterpretations of a female issue.1 Statement of the conundrumThe representations of women in Frenchliterature of the nineteenth century reflect the writers try outs to providetheir throw pile on females in the era of Libertinage, praising theirprinciples of liberty, but implicitly criticising their sexuality and weakness.Contrary to Romantic writers, such authors as Emile Zola, Charles Baudelaire, AlexanderDumas the moderner and the Goncourt brothers adhere to the ideas of historicalism andnaturalism in their portrayals of women, proving that all the observation of differentsides of a individuals essence can provide understanding of the reasons behindfemale debasement and failure. In this regard, these writers represent theirfemale characters through well-disposed, cultural and familial contexts.2 IntroductionIn France the nineteenthcentury was characterised by various fond motleys that gave rise to theprinciples of libertinage and equ ality, but also negatively influenced the mostsubordinate group French females. The joyousness became the headland featureof French style of life. In count on of these changes French fiction of thenineteenth century was divided into four literary movements naturalism,symbolism, romanticism and realism. Although the currents differed from eachother, they stressed on the importance of a psyche and the rejection of purereason and well-disposed standards. Following these movements, French writers started todiscuss a female issue through their female characters, uncovering such negative genial phenomena as female subjugation, divorce, prostitution, psychologicaldisorders of women and depopulation. In particular, they wear outed that, despitefemales attempts to achieve equality with males, society continued to land aline complaisant norms and stereotypes on women, depriving them of the possibility tofollow their own paths. A adult female who worked as a prostitute or a servant wasusually regarded as a subject, a person of inessential importance in patriarchalFrench world, but it was this female who was often portrayed innineteenth-century fiction.The aim of thisdissertation is to discuss the representations of females in La Cure by EmileZola, Germinie Lacerteux by Edmond and Jules de Goncourt, La Dame aux Camliasby Alexander Dumas the younger and Le Spleen de Paris by Charles Baudelaire.The paper is divided into several chapters. Chapter 1 provides a statement ofthe problem that reveals the core of the analysis. Chapter 2 reflects a genera yellowish brownview of the issue, observing the social and historical contexts of theperiod when the discussed works are written. Chapter 3 evaluates some criticalanalyses of nineteenth-century French fiction. Chapter 4 demonstrates thetheoretical research methods that are use in the research. Chapter 5investigates in depth the representations of women in each novel, focusing onboth principal and secondary female char acters. Chapter 6 summarises thereceived results, and Chapter 7 points at the limitations of the dissertation andproposes some suggestions for encourage research of Zola, Edmond and Jules deGoncourt, Dumas the younger, and Baudelaire.3 Review of the literatureNineteenth-century French literatureattracts attentions of various critics who provide rather contradictoryviewpoints on literary works of French writers. This can be explained by thefact that in the period of the French Revolution and Libertinage, Frenchliterature began to move away from the traditional portrayals of characters to themore realistic representations. As Desmarais puts it, all the writers of the19th century are more or less(prenominal) romantic but n one and only(a) of them could bedescribed as traditional. Introducing innovative elements intotheir literary works, these French writers made attempts to either uncoverdifferent sides of reality or to contrast the nineteenth century with the past.For instance, analy sing the literary legacy of Edmond and Jules de Goncourt, ElisabethBadinter cites words of Juliette Adam who claims that the Goncourts so lovedand frequented eighteenth-century women that they despised the women of thenineteenth, consigning them to wickedness, debauchery or imbecility.Charles Baudelairescollection of prose texts La Spleen de Paris was published exclusively after his deathand the critics paid no attention to this literary masterpiece precisely at thebeginning of the twentieth century Baudelaires work was acknowledged as one ofthe best prose fiction. In particular, Robert Kopp draws a jibe between LaSpleen de Paris and Baudelaires poetry, pointing at the fact that these prosetexts reflect the themes raised in the majority of Baudelaires poems.Emile Zolas novel La Cure was exposed to censure since its publication, butut the end of the twentieth century it was praised by modern critics as asplendid literary work of naturalism. Contrary to Zola and Baudelaire, the pla yLa Dame aux Camlias by Dumas the younger was accepted by French audience ofthe nineteenth century with delight, and its principal character marguerite becamethe prototype of many female characters in films, plays and musicals. One ofthe most famous opera produced on Dumas play was Verdis La Traviata.4 Research methodologyThe research in this dissertation isconducted, utilising a social constructionist approach and a feminist approach.Applying to these methods, the paper analyses the representations of women fromdifferent perspectives and interpretations. The social constructionist approachuncovers the impact of society on the formation of women and its attitudetowards those females who reject the existing stereotypes. Thus, this method iscrucial for investigating the portrayal of women in French fiction. Another allot method is the feminist approach that is aimed at observing genderissues in literature, criticising patriarchal society that specifically createsthe differences betwe en men and women and imposes specific roles on women. Asfemales have been usually conformed to certain stereotypes in literature, thefeminist approach makes an attempt to stamp out these stereotypicalrepresentations. In this regard, both approaches analyse the portrayal of femalesin nineteenth-century French fiction through social contexts.5 Discussion5.1. Naturalism of La Cure by EmileZolaEmile Zola belongs tothose writers who in their literary work present the characters that areclosely connected with their environment. In the novel La Cure Zola reflectsfemale characters through social contexts, demonstrating the impact of theenvironment on them. Thus, the writer is more interested in the temperaments ofhis women rather than in other aspects of their personalities. Zola considersthat female temperaments can explain their emotions and actions, their dealings with other plenty and their attitudes to the world, in which theylive. In La Cure female characters are capitally influenc ed by the events of theSecond Empire and the changes that Baron Haussmann introduced in Paris. As a resultof these changes, Zolas women are in search of pleasure and money. After thedeath of Aristide Rougons wife, the character is left with two children anddecides to connect a wealthy female Rene Beraud de Chatel, transforming his nameinto Aristide Saccard.Their marriageprovides Aristide with financial security, but this marriage of conveniencesproves to be unfortunate for the principal female character that is finallyleft without means of subsistence and a family. Rene looses her childrenduring pregnancy and blends engaged in various sexual intercourses. At depressionshe initiates the dealing with Saccards son, until he marries otherwealthy but very(prenominal) ill woman Louise who dies soon after the marriage. Thus, Zolacreates two male characters a father and a son who marry women withdisabilities for money, because they do not have other way to enrichthemselves. But Zol a doesnt consider that these men are responsible for femalesfailure. Rene is portrayed as a woman who constantly suffers from neuroticattacks and devotes her life to balls, talks and sexual pleasures. Reneappears to be a product of French patriarchal society that puts a woman into asubordinate position, landing her self and making her suffer from ownweakness.According to thefeminist approach, such subjugation results in negative consequences for awoman, because she starts to substitute one extreme for another. Inother words, a woman turns from excessive subordination to uncontroll fittingfreedom. Before her marriage to Aristide, Rene gets pregnant and is abandonedby one of her lovers, and Aristide appears to be a rescue for womans disposition. This female character is portrayed as a simple sensualist who findsreal pleasure in social life and sexual dealing. When she meets Aristidesson Maxime, a young teenager who greatly resembles her, she becomes his lover. Althoughthe writer im plicitly criticises Rene, he constantly points at the fact thatit is French society that shapes this female who finally destroys not notwithstandingherself, but also people around her. Rene is against Maximes marriage toLouise, considering her to be a weak and ugly girl. She is not subject to realisethe power of money for such people as Maxime and Aristide she is utilise to spendmuch money and she regards it only as means that help her exist in Frenchsociety. Rene is emotionally involved into the affairs with Maxime and sheutilises this young person for her own pleasures. This female is amazed bythese forbidden relations and doesnt want to think about the consequences ofher action.In the characterof Rene, the writer embodies the essence of Parisian life similar to Paris,Rene is obsessed with sumptuosity and pleasures, but behind this gorgeousappearance there are degradation and suffering. This female character reflectsreality of the nineteenth century when people run to certain extremes and werefurther destroyed by these extremes. Renes wrong ideals are a result of herlack of appropriate education and social permissiveness that deprive a youngwoman of creating a normal family with loving husband and children. By the endof the narration Rene is completely destroyed by her obsession with pleasurebut Zola observes her weakness and foolishness through the social pressure thatshe is not able to withstand. As Zola puts it, she had slid down a slipperyslope, yet she had not remained passive the whole way down. Desire had awakenedin her besides late to combat it, after the fall had become ineluctable.The same regardsthe secondary female character of the novel Angle, the first wife ofAristide. She is also portrayed as a weak, passive and unhealthy female who isnot able to endure life in Paris. Contrary to Rene, Angle is not involvedeither in social life of Paris or in sexual relations because of her povertyand vile health, but her submissiveness is also formed b y society, in which shelives. As Zola claims, To be poor in Paris is to be poor twice over. Angleaccepted misery with the passivity of the anemic woman she was. She spent herdays either in the kitchen or lying on the floor playing with her daughter.Angle is really devoted to her husband and children and refuses to be isolatedfrom young Clotilde when Aristide decides to move to Paris. However, Paris, thecity of changes in nineteenth century France, requires changes in individualsas well. Those people who fail to adjust to these changes are destroyed, thatis just the case with Angle.Aristides firstwife appears too gentle and weak, the features that do not allow her to survivein the cruel and degrading Parisian world however, such characters as MmeSidonie, a sister of Aristide, is aware of the role of money in Paris. Zolaportrays this secondary character as a person who eliminates her emotions andinstead applies to pure reason. When Sidonie visits a dying Angle, shecompletely ignores any morality or decency in her talk with Aristide She wasa pricy woman, his sister continued, disquisition as though Angle were alreadydead. You can find women who are wealthier. Zola criticises suchfemale scorn, implicitly demonstrating that Paris destroys the souls of womenand makes them act, like machines, without any emotions and feelings. Thisrealistic portrayal reflects the negative impact of certain social norms onindividuals. Sidonie is used to interfere into the lives of other people anddecide their fates. Therefore, in his representations of women Emile Zolastresses on the fact that power and wealth deprave females in France, butsimultaneously he contrasts these mean women with such good females as Angleand Cleste. As the writer describes, Clestes devotion pleased Rene all themore because she knew her to be honest and thrifty, a woman without a lover anduntouched by vice.5.2. Misogyny in Germinie LacerteuxSimilar to Zola, Edmondand Jules de Goncourt in their literary wor k Germinie Lacerteux create thefemale characters that reflect the ideals of femininity existed in Frenchsociety in the nineteenth century. Although their women reveal certain liberty,they are too preoccupied with their own sexuality. Through their femalecharacters the Goncourt brothers reflect their misogynistic vision of femaleswho are not able to suppress their sexual desires and who become the slaves oftheir natural instincts. throughout the narration Edmond and Jules de Goncourtexpress their longing for eighteenth-century females with their refinedappearances, exquisite manners and flirtation they long for the period ofstrong aesthetic values and cultivated morality. Thus, their female charactersare usually portrayed as modify females who end tragically because of theirweakness, poor education and lack of intelligence.GerminieLacerteux, the principal female character, is a woman who is sexually abused inearly years and who is not able to marry when she comes to Paris. However, hermotherly instincts are too powerful and she starts to look after a niece andanother child Jupillon. But when Jupillon is transformed into a man, Germinieexperiences a sudden passion towards him, and it is this passion that destroysher reputation and turns into poverty, because the love had been for theJupillon young person only the satisfaction of a certain curiosity of the evil,seeking in the knowledge and in the possession of a woman the all-encompassing and thepleasure of scorning it. When Jupillon abandons Germinie, shestarts drinking and is involved in numerous sexual intercourses that bring herto death, similar to Dumas Marguerite and Zolas Rene. In this regard, Edmondand Jules de Goncourt uncover female passion that can gradually destroy a womanand depreciate her, criticising Germinies uncontrollable sexual desires andinstead maintaining the ideas of female virginity. As Jupillon tells Germinieduring one of their talks, you appear yourself well still, you are not myheart , you are not my life, you are only my pleasure.Contrary toother French writers of the nineteenth century that mainly portray females fromthe upper-class society, the principal female characters of Edmond and Jules deGoncourt belong to the middle-class. Such shift from aristocratic females topoor females reflects great realism of the narration, eliminating romanticismthat is usually utilised in French novels. The Goncourts naturalism explainsthe reasons of female sexuality and their further failure. According to the writers,it is really difficult for such a woman as Germinie to suppress her naturalinstincts and adhere to social morality that rejects any powerful emotions.Such females make attempts to change their conditions of living, but finallythey appear in the similar conditions as at the initial stage of life. TheGoncourts present this viewpoint not only on the example of Germinie, but alsoon the example of a secondary character female child de Varandeuil, an old kindspinster who hires Germinie as a servant to her and who becomes fully attachedto a young girl. As Edmond and Jules de Goncourt put it, This old womanisolated and forgotten by death, only at the end of her life, trailing heraffections of tomb in tomb, had found her last friend in her servant.However, suchclose relations between a master and a servant are not grotesque fornineteenth-century French literature that usually reflects female servants asdevoted and hardworking people who gradually occupy the principal place in thenarration. Despite their different social positions, Germinie and Miss deVarandeuil wind up their lives in loneliness, with the only difference thatGerminie doesnt suppress her sexual desires, while Miss de Varandeuil isolatesherself from the rest of the world, as well as from her powerful emotions.According to the social constructionist approach, a woman is created bysociety, in which she lives thus, her sexual behaviour is also formed by theenvironment. In this regard, the differences in sexual desires ofGerminie and Miss de Varandeuil can be explained by their different backgroundsand upbringing. Miss de Varandeuil is the representative of a brokenaristocratic family that loses its fortune during the French Revolution, whileGerminie comes from a middle-class society that adheres to easier manners.5.3. Realism of La Dame aux CamliasThe play of Dumas theyounger La Dame aux Camlias portrays a good-looking prostitute Marguerite Gautierwho breaks the relations with her lover, Armand Duval, to improve hisreputation and soon dies of her incurable illness. In this female character thewriter embodies his lover Marie Duplessis who died at the age of twenty-three. Dumaspresents Marguerite as a romantic woman, despite the fact that her real lifewas not so romanticised. At the end of the play Marguerite claims that she haslived for love and she doesnt hesitate to die for love. By applying to suchtragic end, Dumas uncovers the social system of his times, whe n a woman fromthe middle-class couldnt be engaged in the relations with a male of the upper-class,or otherwise she could destroy his life and reputation.On the exampleof this character Dumas the younger reflects womans degradation, but Margueritesdeath as a result of illness evokes sympathy towards her. Marguerite saves notonly Armand, but also his sister who at last receives an opportunity to occupyan appropriate position in upper-class society. In this regard, a life of onefemale is sacrificed for the sake of another woman, although Marguerite ispresented as an unusual female with many virtues. She is not only beautiful,but is also happy and noble. In the play Dumas the younger portraysMarguerite as a person with a slender figure, white face and dark hair. She hasamazingly bright eyes, full lips and unusually white teeth. She possesses agood taste in her dresses, in music, in art and behaves in a noble way. But,above all, this courtesan has a big heart, expressing sympathy andund erstanding towards other people. As Dumas describes her, There was a kindof candour in this woman. You could see she was still in the virginity of vice.No wonder that Armand falls in love with Marguerite from the first sighthowever, this popular French prostitute has never loved before she meetsArmand. As Armand tells the truth about his feelings towards her, Margueritelaughs at him, but he gradually persuades her in his love, and she returns hisaffection. When Armand speaks with his father, he says, Perhaps I am in thewrong, but I can only be happy as long as I am the lover of this woman.However, whenMarguerite finds out that she is ill, she realises that her past has deprivedher of future. Although noble people in nineteenth-century France were usuallyengaged in sexual relations with prostitutes, and these relations were regardedas natural, the situation was different in regard to love. The relations basedon love were fully prohibited by upper-class society, and an aristocratcould nt love or marry a prostitute, because such action would destroy him.Marguerite has no choice, but to destroy the relations with her lover in themost complex period of her life. Dumas the younger reveals that Frencharistocratic society creates certain social norms those persons who try tooppose to them, are excluded from society. Thus, Marguerite appears to be avictim of these social norms, as she is engaged in illicit sexual relationswith men. As these relations are concealed, they are ignored by society, butwhen they are exposed, they destroy the reputation of a person who belongs tothe upper-class. Marguerite realises that her bad reputation threatens not onlyArmand, but his family as well, and she decides to break her relations with theonly person she truly loves.Such actiondemonstrates that Marguerite is better than females of the upper-class, becauseshe understands her responsibility. Marguerite creates her own existence, but,as the writer puts it, Do not let us despise the wo man who is neither mother,sister, maid, nor wife. Although this female character has neverbelieved in love and has utilised males for her own benefits, the relationswith Armand change her. Marguerite doesnt want to destroy Armands life, as shehas destroyed her own. As she tells him, your family would cast you off if youwere to live with a woman like me. Let us be friends, good friends, but nomore. Despite the fact that Marguerite takes this seriousdecision because of her sincere love to Armand, Dumas the youngersimultaneously shows that she adheres to the demands of French society.Marguerite is used to act independently, but in this particular case shedecides to reveal her subjection to society. In this regard, the writer provesthat the principles of Libertinage that were established in France in theeighteenth century were attributed only to males, while females were punishedfor any display of independence.In the case ofMarguerite, this female is first punished for her illegal sexua l intercoursesand further for her love to Armand, the representative of the upper-class. Throughouther life Marguerite has collided with many obstacles and has successfullyovercome them. But she fails to defend her love against social prejudices.Contrasting Marguerite with females of the upper-class, Dumas the younguncovers the degradation of French society that rejects emotions and insteadadheres to the failed morality. When Marguerite abandons Armand without anyexplanation, he constantly humiliates her during their meetings. As Margueritefeels that her illness progresses, she comes to Armand one more time and she cantsuppress her desires. But Marguerite understands that she has to leave Armandwho is unaware of true reasons behind her escape. As a result, Armand destroysMarguerite during the ball by publicly giving money to her. After suchhumiliation Marguerite looses her friends and clients and dies in poverty andloneliness. In prologue Marguerites lover receives her garner and realises thetrue virtues of this beautiful and intelligent female. As Dumas claims, Margueritewas a pretty woman but though the life of such women makes sensation enough,their death makes very little.In real lifeMarie Duplessie greatly influenced Dumas the younger, but it is he whoabandoned her, realising that he didnt have enough money to support this richcourtesan. However, as Dumas became more involved into the life of Frenchsociety, he began to observe the social attitude towards courtesans and decidedto reflect this attitude in his play La Dame aux Camlias. Through the characterof Marguerite the writer reveals his own opinion of a female. He portrays abeautiful and intelligent woman, providing her with many virtues and love, butsimultaneously depriving her of the possibility to marry a person she lovesbecause of her bad reputation. When after their prolonged parting Armand asksMarguerite, whether she is happy, she answers Have I the face of a happywoman, Armand? Do not mock my sorrow, you, who know better than any one whatits cause and its depth are. Thus, Dumas the younger implicitlydemonstrates that ideal love relations can be established only between a virginand a man with sexual experience.At the same timeDumas regards close relations between opposite sexes as a battle. AlthoughMarguerite has a kind heart and sincerely falls in love with Armand, she is nota virgin and is not able to fully belong to one man, with all her heart, bodyand soul. On the one hand, Dumas the younger reveals that a prostitute may be abetter woman than a virgin, but, on the other hand, he rises againstprostitution that transforms women into the subjects and deprives them of thepossibility to become good mothers and wives. According to the socialconstructionist approach, it was natural for a man of the nineteenth century toestablish sexual relations with different women, but women had to adhere tostrict social norms. In the play Dumas shows that the marriage with aprostitute is equated with a crime, but Marguerite redeems her reputation. Butsuch prostitutes, with a heart, were infrequent in Dumas time, although someof his secondary female characters are also beautiful and intelligent. Forinstance, he introduces M de N. into his narration, a prostitute and anacquaintance of Marguerite. As the writer characterises her, the man who wasthe lover of such a woman might well be as proud as M. de N., and she wasbeautiful enough to inspire a passion. When Armand utilises herto revenge Marguerite, she reveals an unusual intelligence when she claims,you love Marguerite, and you want to have revenge upon her by becoming mylover. You dont deceive a woman like me, my dear friend.5.4. Ambiguity of Le Spleen deParis by BaudelaireSimilar to Emile Zola,Baudelaire reveals his female characters through social environment this isespecially obvious in his collection of prose texts Le Spleen de Paris, wherehe shows an impact of Paris on women. When Baudelaire arrived to Paris, h e hadto live in various parts of the city, observing the life of women in theseplaces. In the text The Despair of the Old Woman, the writer reflects hissympathy to an aged female who experiences great despair, as she sees a childand wants to smile at him, but the child is afraid of this old woman who doesnthave hair and teeth. This lonely woman is horrified by such attitude and shecries Ah For us, unhappy female old women, the age passed to like, even withthe innocent ones, and we make horror with the little children that we want tolike.Baudelaireregards such women as victims of life who intend loneliness and misery. Applyingto such horror portrayals, the poet implicitly criticises those women who areobsessed with their material well-being, ignoring the reality and the beauty ofthe world around them. In Le Spleen de Paris Baudelaire draws a parallelbetween one woman and another, as well as between a man and a woman. In thetext The Wild Woman and the Small Mistress the poet presents a intercourse betweentwo females, uncovering their views on life. Though both persons belong to onesex, they are different, as the wild woman describes a mistress, you whichrest only on fabrics as soft as your skin, which eat only cooked meat, and forwhich a skilful servant takes care to cut out the pieces. Suchportrayal reveals the poets double vision, his attempts to evaluate varioussides of peoples consciousness.But Baudelaireis especially sympathetic to widows and old females who are forgotten andneglected by society. In his text Widows the poet provides a detailed portrayalof widows in the parks, claiming that it is easy to recognize them,because each widow reflects loneliness, pain and isolation. Baudelaireintensifies their misery by differentiate these lonely and poor widows withwealthy and idle people who walk in the park It is always somethinginteresting that this reflection of the joy of the rich person at the retina ofpoor. These reflections show the energy of Baudela ire forobservations and his understanding of a female essence. In his text BeautifulDorothe the poet describes a beautiful Dorothe strong and proud like thesun who walks along the street, bare-footed, and smiles. Perhaps,Baudelaire ponders, she goes to a young officer to talk with him, thats whyshe is so delighted. Such is the image that the girl creates for the rest ofthe world, but no one knows that she gathers each piaster to redeem her littlesister. In another prose poem Which is the true one Baudelaire reveals thestory of a beautiful and unusual girl Bndicta who is portrayed by the poet asideal. But as he claims, this fantastic girl was too beautiful to live a longtime and she dies very young. Baudelaire realises that femalebeauty and youth are temporary, and many good women die at an early age.In the textPortraits of Mistresses the poet describes four males who talk about theirmistresses, implicitly uncovering their inability to accept femaleindependence. According to the fem inist approach, female characters are usuallyportrayed from two different perspectives either as chaste wives, if theyadhere to the standards of patriarchal society, or as mistresses, if theyreject social rules and stereotypes. However, in La Spleen deParis Baudelaire reveals that such attitude is also aggravated by class andeconomic differences.6 ConclusionsThe dissertation has analysed therepresentations of women in La Cure by Zola, Germinie Lacerteux by Edmond and Julesde Goncourt, La Dame aux Camlias by Dumas and Le Spleen de Paris byBaudelaire. In these works the portrayal of females reflects complex socialstereotypes and norms existed in French society. In the play La Dame aux CamliasDumas the younger reveals that French aristocracy was engaged in sexualrelations with courtesans, but, as these relations became a threat to theirreputation, they destroyed any intercourse with their lovers. On the example ofthe principal female character the prostitute Marguerite Gautier the wr iterdemonstrates that a woman of a low social position with a reputation of aprostitute has no chances for better future, even if she possesses many virtuesand beauty. Although Marguerite sincerely falls in love with Armand Duval, sherealises that their relations destroy not only Armand, but his family as well.Suffering from an incurable illness, Marguerite nevertheless decides to abandonher lover for his sake. Thus, Dumas the younger proves that independent andintelligent females collide with many restrictions and stereotypes inpatriarchal world. The libertine ideas that were proclaimed throughout Francein the eighteenth century were mainly maintained by males, while womencontinued to occupy inferior position to men. Such female oppression wasaggravated by social biases of the upper-class towards people of themiddle-class, the biases that were mainly based on economical differencesbetween two classes.In GerminieLacerteux Edmond and Jules de Goncourt provide a misogynistic vision o nfemales, trying to prove that women are too preoccupied with sexuality andsocial position. Similar to Dumas Marguerite, the Goncourts principal femalecharacter also belongs to the middle-class society and who is destroyed by herpassion to a young male. Following the principles of naturalism, the Goncourtsobserve a female from biological and social perspectives. Emile Zola goesfurther in his novel La Cure the writer reveals that social environmentshapes

Genetics and Linguistics in Mesolithic-Neolithic Transition

contagiouss and Linguistics in mesolithic-neolithic TransitionIntroductionPopulation movement may be utilised to reconstruct activities during the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition. Re centime research particularly that relating to contagiouss and isotopic analysis, has been employed to assist in this tracking of movement, though issues with this process have arisen, as volition be discussed below. Gen epochlly when analysing the transition archaeologists have tended to focus primarily on a change in economy, compiling set criteria which indicate either Mesolithic people or Neolithic people, and leaving very little room for additional interpretations. Though efforts are now being employed to allow for imageer(a) interpretations. The scientific approach, encompassing both ingredienttics and linguistics, when combined with archaeological methods can provide a window into clement movements during the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition. Linguistics clearly would have comprise a huge el ement of culture and social differentiation from other groups or ethnicities (or inclusion within your own group), though evidence of linguistics is dimmed and circumstantial at present. The archaeology of the transition has been the main focus, which is likely because it is the most tangible evidence which remains. However it is important to remember that this is also subject to the mold of interpretation.While addressing the benefits and draw backs of genetics and linguistics we need to remain aware of the general questions surrounding the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition. Was the transition the result of a movement of farmers, foragers who adopted farm or was it a combination of the two? At what speed did the transition occur, was it a gradual or rapid affair? Further much the classification of the Neolithic package, which refers to, agriculture, domestic animals, polished stone tools, pottery and settlement, are also often questioned. This is directly linked to the question of what we classify as Mesolithic or Neolithic. The fresh trend has focused primarily on the mosaic nature of the transition, examining it in a very detailed manner. While this is a valid method archaeologists moldiness be consistently conscious that results derived from individual sites do not necessarily represent big scale activity (Robb and Miracle, 2007).Genetics, Archaeology and Mobility during the Mesolithic-Neolithic TransitionPast genetic processes have embedded circumstantial signatures in the genes of modern populations. in that respectfore genetic data has the capability to further inform our knowledge of the transition. Increasingly archaeologists have authentic the importance of acknowledging the variety, messiness and localness of the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in direct contrast to those looking specifically at the bigger picture. Amongst those looking at the larger scale consume are geneticists and scientists (Cooney, 2007).The take in of genetics, is th e science of hereditary and variant in organisms, Y Chromo roughly (male) and Mt DNA (female). The following section refers to the term haplotype which is a set of almost linked genetic markers, it is half of a genotype, which is the specific allelic paper of a cell. An allelic is one or more forms of a gene (Everything Bio 2007).Genetic evidence generally includes mitochondrial, Y chromosomal and classical marker evidence derived from modern populations. One of the main issues to be considered when reviewing the data from genetic research is the comparatively small data sets in addition to distinguishing patterns within the genetic DNA of modern populations when using them to retrieve ancient DNA patterns. Nevertheless the modern composition of the European gene pool appears to reflect these early colonising movements more strongly than any other demographic event in prehistory. It has been estimated that around 85 per cent of European mitochondrial sequences probably originate d in the upper Palaeolithic of Europe.There have been a number of issues identified with early attempts to use DNA to track mobility of ancient peoples. These were primarily to do with contamination. However it must also be considered that this form of data is statistical and often is recorded and then displayed in huge quantities which in turn complicates the process. Y chromosome is the male line and the mitochondrial DNA is the female line. There is also the additional problem of time depth, as bit it is possible to come back genetic patterns it is important to note that they are not defined or distinguished in terms of stoppage of existence. So movement of people represented in the data reflects not just the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition but also movement of people in the time since then, such as during the Roman period (Zvelebil 2008).Data from protein markers (sometimes called classical markers) are lock in more abundant than are data from DNA, although this situation i s chop-chop changing. Molecular genetic markers have provided previously unprocurable resolution into questions of kind-hearted evolution, migration and the historical relationship of separated human populations. Different evolutionary influences are relevant to the different continents. Migration can profoundly affect genomic variation within a population. For most populations are rare exchange of marriage partners amidst groups occurs and an average of one immigrant per generation in a population is enough to avoid fixation of alleles. However, sometimes a whole population (or a part of it) may migrate and settle elsewhere. Thus the frequencies of alleles among the founders of the stark naked population pull up stakes differ from those of the original population and will inevitably differ again from those among which it settles.The genetic cases of early forager farmer intermarriages would have multiplied themselves through the hundreds of human generation since the Neol ithic. Genetic examples that tracing backward from modern populations tend to be highly sensitive to relatively small between hunter gatherers and farmers. For example geneticists studying the y chromosome in modern Europeans often argue that Neolithic farming spread primarily through demic scattering or the migrations of the farmers themselves.In addition geneticists, while studying mitochondrial DNA in modern Europeans, have suggested that there is a large Palaeolithic component in modern Europeans. Thus because the Y chromosome is hereditary strictly along the paternal line and mtDNA is inherited maternally, it may be the case that small groups of Neolithic men intermarried with indigenous women. An ancient DNA study appears to support this in that a particular mtDNA haplotype n1a found in early Neolithic female skeletons is comparatively rare among modern Europeans (Bentley 2007).LBK farming, rather than arriving as a wave of advance, is thought to have leap froged from the N orth East to the Mediterranean. Theories surrounding the movement of LBK farmers tend to suggest that they could move an entire village society 20km or 30 km in a decade but that it would take foragers much longer than this. Foragers are thought to have been mobile over larger territories, for them a distance of 50km may be considered as one journey between one foraging group to the next, but they would encounter many more settled farmers along the way (Robb and Miracle, 2007). It has been proposed that the spread of farming increased local population densities, causing demic expansion into newfound territory and diffusive gene geological period between the Neolithic farmers and Mesolithic groups (Sokal, 1991). It is likely that different regions must have experienced different blends of pagan exchanges and migratory movements.Researchers have the ability to test the effect of factors such as, prehistoric population sizes, rates of gene flow, and mutation rates, on the likelihood of different scenarios. In the near future, they will also allow users to amalgamate information from the growing body of ancient genetic diversity, in addition to the broad modern data sets (Cavalli-Sforza and Feldman 2003).Demographic growth in the well identified, specific areas of origin of agriculture must have stimulated a continuous peripheral population expansion wherever the new technologies were successful. Demic expansion is the name precondition to the phenomenon (that is, farming spread by farmers themselves) as contrasted with cultural diffusion (that is, the spread of farming technique with bring out movement of people). Innovations favouring demographic growth would be expected to determine both demic and cultural diffusion. Recent research suggests a roughly equal importance of demic and cultural diffusion of agriculture from the Near East into Europe in the Neolithic period.Molecular studies using mitochondrial DNA, Y chromosome DNA and nuclear DNA differ in the ir assessment of the contribution of near eastern farmers to the European gene pool. Some mitochondrial DNA studies suggest that the contribution of near eastern farmers to the European gene pool is about 20%, a similar percent 22% is suggested by a y chromosome study. However the same data was re-examined by Chikhi et al. Who found that by using a different methodology, they resulted with an average contribution of between 50% and 60% from near eastern farmers to the European gene pool.Estimations depend not only in the markers employed but also on the model used and its inherent assumptions. Nuclear DNA studies support a European gene pool. Thus many genetic studies d to support the idea of demic diffusion at some level but there is still a lack of consensus with regard to the percentage of the contribution of early near eastern farmers to the European gene pool (Pinhasi et al, 2005).Linguistics and Archaeology, during the TransitionHuman languages are an integral aspect of behavi our and culture. Phylogenetic trees are constructed from linguistic elements, portray the evolution of languages (Pagel 2009). There is generally a strong correlation between genetic tree clusters and language families. It is likely that language shifts have become more common tardily as a result of massive colonisations made possible by development of mobility due to developed infrastructure, transportation and colonisation.In Europe during the nineteenth atomic number 6 much of the archaeological focus of the transition was directed towards classification and sequences of economy. Around the middle of the nineteenth century the whole study of the subject entered a new phase which was linguistic rather than archaeological. It was by now generally assumed that the similarities in the different Indo-Germanic languages were to be explained by their derivation from a wholeness ancestral language, older than Greek or Latin or Sanskrit (Renfrew 1990, p 14).This proto- Indo-Germanic c ould be reconstructed by studying what was common to specific cognate haggle in the different languages. Renfrew discusses Childes extreme views published regarded superiority in physique and the vehicles of a superior language (Renfrew 1990, p15-16). Marija Gimbutas has located the Indo European homeland in the Steppes of southeastward Russia. She refers to Kurgan culture and states that it is the last candidate for a Proto-Indo-European homeland based on the common words compiled to reconstruct the original ancient language. Renfrew has difficulty with this as it is still dependent on the construction of the mother language. Renfrew also highlights the problem of how to explain the historical circumstances within which languages would be replaced?Taken in isolation incomplete archaeological nor genetic evidence can shed much light on the linguistic identity or ethnicity of the colonising population although when combined together some suggestion can be made. It is generally ass umed that the western population were either rare indo-European or proto indo-European setting the level for North central Europe as the homeland of indo Europeans. Large sections of this population in northern Europe would have to adopt indo European speech subsequently from indo European farming groups penetration central Europe from the near east and east Mediterranean as suggested by Renfrew and modified for temperate and northern Europe.another(prenominal) key figure within the field of linguistics is Oppenheimer. In his text The Origins of the British (2007), he has suggested of Celtic origin, that neither Anglo-Saxons nor Celts had much impact on the genetics of the inhabitants of the British Isles, and that British ancestry mainly traces back to the Palaeolithic Iberian people, now represented best by Basques. He also argued that the Scandinavian stimulation had been underestimated. It has also been put forward that geography and climate have had an influence on the geneti cs and culture of Britain (Oppenheimer 2007, 21-26).Languages, like genes, provide vital clues about human history. As mentioned already the origin of the Indo-European language family is the most intensively studied, yet still most recalcitrant, problem of historical linguistics. Numerous genetic studies of Indo-European origins have also produced inconclusive results (Gray and Atkinson 2003).Glottochronology is an approach in historical linguistics for estimating the time at which languages diverged, based on the assumption that the basic (core) vocabulary of a language changes at a constant average rate. This term is sometimes interchangeable with lexicostatistics though the latter refers to statistical manipulation of lexical material for historical inferences and is not necessarily associated with dates (Campbell, 2004). It is not usually accepted as a valid methodology, as it has certain inherent issues.The derivation of modern languages mostly or completely from a sensation language spoken in East Africa does not mean that this was the only language in existence at the time. When analysing Indo-European language data, the following are often included the ancient Celtic language of Gaul (modern France), within which is a split between Gaulish (Continental Celtic) and the British form (Insular Celtic), with Insular Celtic subsequently splitting into Brythonic (Welsh, Breton) and Goidelic (Irish and Scottish Gaelic). Taken together, the network thus suggests that the Celtic language arrived in the British Isles as a single wave (and then differentiated locally), rather than in the traditional two-wave scenario (P-Celtic to Britain and Q-Celtic to Ireland).In 1786 Sir William Jones discovered remarkable similarities between Sanskrit, Greek, Latin, Gothic, Celtic, and Persian, indicating a common source for these languages, possibly Indo-European language. Then in 1863 Schleicher proposed an evolutionary tree of descent for the Indo-European language family , followed by Charles Darwin who introduced the evolutionary tree concept to the descent of species. Schmidt (1872) published the wave model which denotes that distinct languages increasingly acquire similarities through borrowing. More recently it has been proposed to unite these two models into a single network diagram of language evolution (Forster and Toth, 2003). proofSimple explanations at odds with a complex human historyCritique complex data, requires degree of manipulation to displayHow does this relate to and affect archaeology? And what we know about mobility and migration during the transition?Confusion between names and genetics. Ancient dna NIa very rare in Europe, haplotype, example that lineages do die out and not all colonisation works. This is further complicated when you look at animals. Cattle and pigs are descendnt fomr the north east but pigs are descendant from a combination of north west domestication. Bear deliberately introducted to Ireland.The past decade of advances in molecular genetic technology has heralded a new era for all evolutionary studies, but especially the science of human evolution. Data on various kinds of DNA variation in human populations have rapidly accumulated. Haploid markers from mitochondrial DNA and the Y chromosome have proven invaluable for generating a standard model for evolution of modern humans. Co-evolution of genes with language and some slowly evolving cultural traits, together supports and supplements the standard model of genetic evolution. The advances in our understanding of the evolutionary history of humans attests to the advantages of multidisciplinary research (Cavalli-Sforza and Feldman 2003).Reference ListBentley, R.A. Price, T.D. and Stephan, E. (2004) Determining the local 87 Sr/86 Sr range for archaeological skeletons a case study from Neolithic Europe, in Journal of Archaeological Science 31, 365-375.Bentley, A. 2007 Mobility, specialisation and lodge diversity in the linearbandkermik i sotopic evidence from the skeletons, proceedings of the British academy 144, 117-140.http//www.everythingbio.com/glos/definition.php?ID=3035Campbell, L. 2004 Historical Linguistics An Introduction, Great Britain Edinburgh University Press p201Zvelebil, M. (2008) Innovating hunter gatherers the Mesolithic in the Baltic. In Baily G. And Spikins, P. (ed.) Mesolithic Europe, New York Cambridge University Press, pp 18-59.Gray, R. And Atkinson, Q.D. 2003 Language-tree divergence times support the Anatolian theory of Indo-European origin, Nature Reviews Genetics, 426, 435-439, online, accessed 20/03/10.Pagel, M. (2009) Human language as a culturally transmitted replicator, Nature Reviews Genetics, 10, 405-415, online, accessed 23/03/10.Forster, P. and Toth, A. 2003 Towards a phylogenic chronology of ancient Gaulish, Celtic and Indo European, proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of America, online access 28/03/10.Renfrew, C. 1990 Archaeology and Language the puzzle of Indo-European origins Cambridge University Press united kingdom, 14-20.Cavalli-Sforza, L. And Feldman, M. 2003 The Application of Molecular Genetic Aproaches to the Study of Human Evolution, in Review Nature Genetics 33, 266-275.Oppenheimer, S. 2007 The origins of the British a genetic spy story, Robin Publishing London, pp 21-26.Barbujani, G and Chikhi, L. 2006 DNAs from the European Neolithic in Heredity 97, 84-85, online, accessed 20/10/10.Cooney, G. (2007) Parallel worlds or multi-stranded identities? Considering the process of going over in Ireland and the Irish Sea zone. In A. Whittle and V. Cummings (Ed.). Going Over the Mesolithic-Neolithic Transition in North-West Europe,London British Academy pp. 543-566.Robb, J. And Miracle, P. 2007 Beyond migration versus acculturation new models for the spread of agriculture, Proceedings of the British Academy 144, 99-115.Sokal, R. Oden, N. And Wilson, C. 1991 Genetic evidence for the spread of agriculture in Europe by demic diffusion, in nature 351, 143-145, online accessed 22/03/10.

Is there a Link between Season of Birth and Depression?

Is in that enjoy a Link between while of make and Depression?Jaanki-Radha PatelLay Abstract in that respect progress to been a count of studies conducted to find causes for, and reasons behind depression, and why it affects so many people or so the world. ace suggestible cause is season of retrovert birth. Some studies assume exposen that the environment posterior affect ones lay on the production line organization of developing depression, as humans grow a expectant deal during their first year of life, and the environment varies smashingly depending on the season. This literature re idea will gather together these studies, discuss their findings and analyse their reliability in order to discern the possibility of a link.Scientific AbstractIntroductionMental illness has increasingly become a more prominent sight of wellness in the past decade, and with this, investigative re seem into its origins and causes has surged. A single consideration of this is season of b irth, as it has been recorded a number of measure that change factors, both during pregnancy, and postnat solelyy, hold up signifi buttt touchs upon the brain, in both body grammatical construction and function.Depression is known as the worlds largest lead cause of disability, affecting 350 million people worldwide.1 This, in itself, is enough reason to consider research into the causes behind depression as vastly heavy to both medicine and society. Further investigation into psychogenic health and its causation can will better cargon to patients, as well as improving and increasing aw atomic number 18ness of the devastating make of depression worldwide.Whilst at that place be number of theories surrounding the causes of depression, it has become evident that no single factor is necessarily causative furthermore, a correlation does not necessarily fix causation.This literature review will discuss season of birth and the hand it may touch in mental illness, and more sp ecifically, depression. Studies over the years have suggested a consanguinity between a birth in the autumn and spend months with an increased risk of developing mental illness, particularly in those with a genetic predisposition. These studies will also be appraised with regards to their approach to research, and the relative accuracy and reliability of their results thus providing us with a more conclusive view on how season of birth could link to depression.There ar a number of suggestions of how season of birth could affect ones health, some of which are more complete inside the scientific community as example of such is that of seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD). SAD is define as recurring episodes of major depression during legitimate times of the year, more specifically, in winter. The pathological mechanisms behind SAD are believed to be changes in picture institute to light this notion is fortified by the sound success of light therapy, which has been the sharpen of seasonal affective disorder treatment since the 1980s.23Research has metrical unit that patients with seasonal affective disorder were more frequently innate(p) in the autumn or winter, and less often in the spring or summer, compared with atypical depression. It was therefore concluded that when genetic factors were accounted for, season of birth could play a part in the festering of SAD. However, more research was unavoidable to observe the underlying mechanisms for this correlation.Further investigation into season of birth and its potential relationship with mental health has since been performed, and there are various suggestions as to how season of birth can affect exposure of light, infection and nutrients to a developing foetus, and a tenderborn child. These studies have prime a correlation between changes in exposure to environmental factors to specific diseases such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. In fact, it was undercoat that risk of developing schizoph renia or bipolar affective disorder latelyr in life fol minusculeed a seasonal distribution and so directing towards an environmental factor as macrocosm potentially causative in disease.Vitamin DAs the seasons change, the climate in which a foetus or young child develops, also changes there are metamorphoseations in diet, sunlight, and infection. Researchers also found evidence that suggests that vitamin D deficiency could be causative in the development of psychiatrical conditions. Vitamin D has previously shown itself as pivotal in healthy neurodevelopment of the foetus.4 The aim of vitamin D was only found to have a significant jolt on the risk of schizophrenia whilst links were found to bipolar affective disorder, they were not as significant, and some factors, such as increasing latitude,5 are believed to have much a much greater impact upon the risk of developing psychiatric conditions.6Nevertheless, as vitamin D is life-and-death in healthy neurodevelopment, it is o f smell that patients with mental illnesses are shown to have differences in brain social organisation, more specifically, structural differences in the left superior temporal swirl.7 The variations in brain development and structure were discover to have produced marked differences in in the flesh(predicate)ity traits and neuro demeanoral disorders. An example of this was that males born in the autumn and winter exhibited a larger volume of the superior temporal gyrus this area of the brain contains the auditory cortex, trustworthy for interpretation of human language and social interactions.8 It is fundamentally through the do of both genetic expression environmental factors, such as perinatal pho pincheriod, that there are morphological variations in this region, resulting in differences in social interactions and behaviour.9It is through these findings that the following question arises could treatment of vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy, and during the first few y ears of life have a significant enough effect upon neurodevelopment, so as to prevent the acquisition of psychiatric conditions?Neurodevelopmental EffectsThere are many ways in which cranial structure varies as a result of season of birth. A number of studies have displayed changes in brain structure tie in to season of birth, with visible differences seen on MRI.9 There are also a number of changes to the brain on a physiological level.Patients with depression have been found to have reduced volumes of the hippocampus and amygdaloid nucleus, as well as changes in brain physiology more extreme responses to the essay hormone, cortisol, and upregulation of the HPA axis.It is widely established that patients with psychiatric conditions have variations in brain structure relative to the familiar population, most characterised by the HPA axis, a feedback interaction between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland gland, and the adrenal cortex.This interaction is initiated through the rele ase of corticotropic-releasing-hormone (CRH), into the blood of portal circulation by the parvo carrelular neurosecretory neurones in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. In response to this, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is released by the front tooth pituitary gland. This results in an excessive release of glucocorticoids (cortisol) into the blood. The increased concentrations of cortisol results a release of proinflammatory cytokines in the brain, and dysregulation of the amygdala.The dysregulation of the HPA axis frequently is a result of stress, which can be defined as any environmental factor that induces stress on the body. Such stresses can include imbalances in nutrition or exposure to infection, both of which could affect the developing foetus or newborn baby in a profound way. As patients born in the autumn and winter are found to have an increase in exposure to infection, reduced exposure to sunlight (in the northern hemisphere) and a poorer diet relat ive to those born in the warming months, a link between season of birth and the increased activity of the HPA axis, and by proxy, depression, becomes evident.The hippocampus and amygdala, two crucial parts of the brain, are components of the limbic system, responsible for emotions and social interactions. It is through their reduced volumes that feelings such as despair and distress re primary(prenominal) unregulated, fundamentally resulting in depression. Is it believed that the reduced volume of these parts of the brain are a consequence of a lack of neurop populateicity in patients with depression, as it is disrupted. It is through this that the hippocampus and amygdala are markedly baseer in patients with depression than the normal population.Neuroplasticity allows pruning of synaptic connections that are used less often, and the strengthening of connections used most often. It is believed that under stress, a patient with depression fails to make these adaptations to stressfu l stimuli, and instead, cell atrophy occurs the reduction or shrinkage in cell size resulting in a reduced volume of the hippocampus and amygdala. It is through this that the hippocampus and amygdala are markedly microscopicaler in patients with depression than the normal population, thus preventing any reco actually, as negative feelings begin to dominate the psyche.The changes in brain structure have multiple causes it has been found that patients with a reduced volume of the hippocampus and amygdala have so due to modified behavioural expression of dopaminergic interactions. imputable to the presence of proinflammatory cytokines, there is an increase in the activity of the monoamine oxidase enzyme (MAO), resulting in reduced levels of serotonin, noradrenaline, and dopamine. The cytokines also reduce levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), responsible for neuronal growth this leads to a reduction in neurogenesis, and hence a reduction in hippocampal volume.The dyregu lated hippocampus and amygdala maintain abnormal levels of glucocorticoids, neurotrophic factors, and cytokines, thus creating a vicious cycle in which patients develop a depressive state from which it is difficult to recover.As brain structure has such a profound effect upon a patients likelihood to develop depression, and the structure of the brain is intricately linked with season of birth, it could be argued that season of birth would indirectly alter the risk of developing depression, with a birth in the winter months causing an increase.It has been found that treatments for depression and other psychiatric conditions also contribute towards cranial structure. Antidepressants, such as Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs), have been shown to purify the neuroplasticity of the brain in patients with depression, thus preventing the dysregulation of the limbic system, relieving symptoms such as anhedonia and avolition. SSRIs inhibit the 5HT reuptake transporter (5HTT, SE RT), which would normally allow for the breakdown of serotonin, in the synaptic terminals of neurones in the brain. Through this, there is a sustained increase in extracellular serotonin, and increased action of serotonin deep down the synaptic cleft. Long-term use of antidepressants has been shown to causes changes in the volumes of the hippocampus and amygdala, as BDNF levels rise to allow for neurogenesis. This allows for the restoration of normal action of serotonin.These changes in brain structure further fortify the belief that cranial structure has a powerful impact upon the likelihood of depression as season of birth itself can affect the development of the brain in utero, it can be argued that a patients season of birth could potentially increase or reduce their likelihood of developing depression.The circadian SystemThe regulation of circadian rhythms can be altered in those with mental illnesses studies have shown that patients with major depressive disorder and SAD have altered function of the circadian clock. There are a number of genes responsible for biological rhythms and light sensitivity, and those for melanopsin have been found to have variations in their expression.The circadian clock is the subject matter of which allow humans to follow a social occasion located in the hypothalamus, it is a refer component of homeostasis, allowing organisms to maintain their quietness cycle, body temperature, blood pressure, and other important functions. Circadian periodicity is dictated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the anterior hypothalamus. The suprachiasmatic nucleus evokes responses in neurons synapsing in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), also in the hypothalamus. These neurones modulate other neurones in the superior cervical ganglia (SCG), those axons project to the pineal gland. This mechanism ultimately results in the secretion of melatonin into the bloodstream. Melatonin levels increases as the light in the environment decreases , peaking in the early hours of the night.Melanopsin is a photopigment found in intrinsically light-sensitive ganglion cells (ipRGCs) in the retina, and is involved in responses to light in the environment, more specifically, circadian photoentrainment and the pupillary reflex. (Hattar et al., 2003 Lucas et al., 2003 Panda et al., 2002, 2003). It has been found that variations in melanopsin function could be connected to differences in light sensitivity between individuals. Variations in circadian photoentrainment can occur as a result of sequence variations in genes mediating expression of melanopsin. (Hatori Panda, 2010)Studies have found that in humans, short wavelength light (blue light) during the dark phase acutely causes alertness, even in humans who are blind. Zaidi et al. (2007) The effect was significantly more profound in light of shorter wavelengths relative to longer wavelengths.This potentially suggests that ganglion cells in the eye that express melanopsin mediate a lertness through projections to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, and other centres in the brain responsible for sleep and alertness, such as the ventral lateral preoptic nuclei (VLPO). Both the SCN and VLPO receive direct input from the ganglion cells expressing melanopsin, and the VLPO is more specifically involved in the regulation of non-rapid eye stool (NREM) sleep. (Lu et al., 2000)It can hence be stated that the connection from melanopsin-expressing cells to regulatory nuclei in the brain is the cause for the significant impact of light upon the circadian regulation of sleep. Variations in melanopsin function could lead to decreased alertness during periods of less environmental light such as during the winter. Furthermore, differences in melanopsin function could lead to seasonal variations in circadian timings and sleep. These factors compound and may, in turn, contribute to SAD. ( Melanopsin Gene Variations Interact With Season to Predict Sleep On circumscribe and Chronotype) It was found that SAD patients had reduced behavioural engagement during times when days were shorter. It was interpreted that the change could be attributed to a delay in phase or slowing of homeostatic drive ( Melanopsin Gene Variations Interact With Season to Predict Sleep Onset and Chronotype) However, it was also argued that a change in chronotype across seasons could be a consequence, rather than a cause, of reduced mood. ( Murray and colleagues (2003))Thus, it is certainly verisimilar that environmental light levels combined with genetic variation in the expression of photopigments such as melanopsin could affect both sleep cycles and mood, and therefore ones season of birth could impact the risk of developing depression. However, this brings into question whether this would apply to major depressive disorder itself, or more specific to seasonal disorders. Further research into the role of melanopsin and the effects of environmental light levels could shed some light on pot ential links to depression and mental health.Questions for Further Studies and ConclusionsMuch research has been done to go over the possible effects of season of birth on the risk of developing depression. From these studies one could conclude that a birth during autumn or winter increases the risk of developing depression as a consequence of alteration in both brain structure, and circadian physiology. This is due to the dishonor light levels a neonate is exposed to, resulting in alterations in melanopsin expression and reduced levels of vitamin D. However, as these factors primarily come into play after birth, the question of environmental effects upon the mother during gestation come into play travel, for example, from one hemisphere to the other, could result in a summer rather than a winter birth. This seems advantageous at first, seemingly providing a lower risk of developing depression, however, the stress of travel during gestation could potentially have impacts upon the developing foetus. Further to this, one could question the effects of travel soon after birth, as the environmental factors that a child is exposed to, such as diet, infection, and light levels, drastically change this is in combination with the stressor that is traveling itself.There are also some current limitations when conducting studies as patients birth dates are protected by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), the accuracy of results and conclusions do is reduced. It would hence be advantageous if birth date could be used in this research as results would be significantly more accurate. Thus, it must be mention that the current investigations into season of birth and its links to depression are subject to unreliability.Taking the higher up factors into consideration, it can be concluded that there is potentially a link between of season of birth and depression, as some links to other psychiatric conditions have already been somewhat establishe d. We have found that season of birth has marked effects upon the cranial structure of neonates, which then result in alterations in risk of illness.We see that the changes in structure are inherently linked to variations in the environment, which renders a link between season of birth and depression highly probable.The changes in brain structure and their physiological effects should be researched further, particularly due to the role that the circadian clock plays in depression, as an alteration in the structure of its components would further explain its effects upon risk. Circadian rhythms have been established to be intricately colligate to ones mental health however, it remains unconfirmed whether changes in sleep homeostasis are causative or a consequence of psychiatric conditions.Therefore, more research should be conducted in order to understand the exact effects of environmental factors on depression and how they can alter risk fundamentally, no steadfast conclusion can b e given as of yet, but the door for further research remains open.Work Cited1 introduction Health Organisation, Depression Fact sheet, Available from http//www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs369/en/ Accessed 1st March 20172 Lurie SJ1, Gawinski B, Pierce D, Rousseau SJ, Seasonal Affective Disorder. 2006 Nov 174(9)1521-43 case Institute of Mental Health, Seasonal Affective Disorder. Available from https//www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/seasonal-affective-disorder/index.shtml Accessed 1st March 20174 McGrath JJ, Burne TH, Feron F, Mackay-Sim A, Eyles DW (2010) Developmental vitamin D deficiency and risk of schizophrenia a 10-year update. Schizophr Bull 36(6) 1073-1078.5 Davies G, Welham J, Chant D, Torrey EF, McGrath J (2003) A systematic review and meta-analysis of Northern Hemisphere season of birth studies in schizophrenia.Schizophrenia Bulletin,29(3), 587-593..6 Disanto, G., Morahan, J., Lacey, M., DeLuca, G., Giovannoni, G., Ebers, George C Ramagopalan, Sreeram V Gravenor, Mik e B. (2012). Seasonal Distribution of Psychiatric yields in England (Season of Birth and Psychiatric Disease). PLoS ONE, 7(4), E34866.7 Pantazatos, S. (2014). Prediction of individual season of birth using MRI. NeuroImage, 88, 61-68.8 Bigler, E., Mortensen, S., Neeley, E., Ozonoff, S., Krasny, L., Johnson, M Lu, J., Provencal, S.L., McMahon, W. Lainhart, J. (2007). Superior Temporal Gyrus, Language Function, and Autism. Developmental Neuropsychology, 31(2), 217-238.9 Christopher M Ciarleglio, John C Axley, gum benzoin R Strauss, Karen L Gamble, Douglas G Mcmahon. (2010). Perinatal photoperiod imprints the circadian clock. Nature Neuroscience,14(1), 25.Case Study of Entrepreneur Prakash BangCase Study of Entrepreneur Prakash Bang executive director SUMMARYEntrepreneurship is important in the daily occupation environment and is plays a crucial role in the world economy. Entrepreneurship is an interesting topic as it deals with the behaviour of the firm enterpriser and the entrepr eneurs main competencies. The author seeks to find the reasons for the successes and failures of entrepreneurs in India by a special case study focus. The author seeks to find the factors essential from the set up phase to the growth phase of a firm. The author has interpreted a case study of an entrepreneur from India, operating in a small crease environment. Entrepreneurship has played an important role in the success of the firms as well as the entire nation. Factors like the hazard disco truly realisation, the importance of networking, impact of government policies and the reputation of an entrepreneur has a direct relation with the entrepreneurial process. India is a growing economy and especially after the liberalization period of 1991, there has been a massive change in the outlook of the entrepreneurial and globalization motives. The legendary Indian business tycoons are now world famous and show a promising future for India. The fortune for the growth of entrepreneurshi p in India is massive and the concept of entrepreneurship is considered to take off soon. Indian government has now realised the accredited potential of entrepreneurs and many doors are opened for driving entrepreneurship in India. Factors responsible for the success and failures will be explored in relation to the life story of an entrepreneur.Successes and Failures of Entrepreneurs- A case study focus on IndiaChapter 1 Introduction1.1 BackgroundThe word entrepreneur has Latin roots entre means to enter, pre means beforehand and neur means nerve center. Entrepreneurs are individuals who enter any business and change that businesses nerve center (Shefsky, 1994). other(prenominal) book says that the word entrepreneur originates from the French and the exact message is the one who takes between. An entrepreneur is known as the co-ordinator of polar factors of production, the risk taker, the capitalist employer, the owner- manager etc. many another(prenominal) writers have contr ibuted towards the roles and concepts of an entrepreneur. Richard Cantillon and Jean Baptiste Say are considered as the most important economist writers to have contributed on the role of an entrepreneur. Other famous writers to observe the role of entrepreneurs are Kirzner, Schumpeter, horse, Casson and Shackle. This is how the approach to entrepreneurship was developed. The entrepreneurial personality consists of the key characteristics like need for achievement, high internal locus of control, visionary, innovative etc. However, the personality criticisms observe are the ignorance of the learning, preparation, serendipity and environment factors that may be more important than a personality. Entrepreneurship is hugely influenced by the environment in which a person is developed and the culture of an individual (Deakins and Freel, 2006).Entrepreneurship is not a single concept and is defined in many different ways. In the modern usage an entrepreneur is a person who undertakes a commercial enterprise at a personal financial risk. Continuous change is essential and the development is expected in the technical, social and economical areas. This concept is dissimilar to the ancient and the medieval world where the philosophers failed to give attention to the economic matters. Historically, it is observed that the conceptions of the entrepreneur have evolved over time. The craftsman, the small scale trader, the new technologies and industries founder are all seen as entrepreneurs. As per Schumpeter, the entrepreneurs view of innovation is r exploitationary and dis round-the-clock than small scale, marginal, gradual and cumulative. Gradually this develops into large firms which become the powerhouses of innovation. This leads to a depersonalized and automatized economic progress. On a macro scale, the success of entrepreneurs is a force that prevents the economic system running down and continuously resists the approach of the classical stationary state (Casson, et al., 2008)Every economist understands that an entrepreneur is important and has a huge impact. Economists consider entrepreneurship as a meta- economic event and profoundly shape an economy. Economists not only have any explanations for the emergence of entrepreneurship which took place during the late nineteenth century but also as why entrepreneurship is not related to a particular culture or a country. However, the main reasons are rooted in the values, perceptions and attitudes in institutions (Drucker, 2006). Many economists have agreed that entrepreneurship plays the key role in developing any economy as the entrepreneurs generate jobs, compel new businesses and increase productivity. It is interesting to note that almost 75% of the new jobs added to the American economy every year lead to over 99% of all the United States employers. The 2006 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) observed that entrepreneurial behaviour is very important for innovation and growth of an eco nomy and the companies need to take their attention towards the unexploited opportunities (America, 2008). Another entrepreneurship research paper prepared for the first GEM research conference which analysed the GDP for 36 countries, found that entrepreneurship plays a different role in countries in different periods of the economic growth and hugely affects the growth of an economy (GEM database, 2004). Therefore, it is essential to understand the main reasons involved in the successes and failures of entrepreneurs as there is a direct relation between the entrepreneurs and the economy.Entrepreneurship system evolved in the advanced economy (US) and is victorious. Whereas in a developing economy like India, the entrepreneurship system needs readjustment as the public policies need to support the role of entrepreneurship. After analysing 100 entrepreneurs from the US and Bangalore city of India, it was observed that the Bangalore entrepreneurs separateed with high capital which also resulted in lower profits and they competed against the large companies in India, whereas the US entrepreneurs started with less capital, competed against the other small business owners and also resulted in higher profits. This study summarised that the failure of Indian entrepreneurs was because of negative tax system, harsh rules, bad restrictions and relatively low efficiency as compared to the favourable conditions enjoyed by the US entrepreneurs (Bhidenet, 2004). However there are many overcritical issues as why the entrepreneurs/ businesses fail like entrepreneurial weakness, poor leadership and commitment, weak marketing and finance debt, etc (management paradise, 2007)Thus from the above arguments, we clearly understand the evolution of entrepreneurship, successful entrepreneurship leads to economic development and that many factors are involved in the overall success and failures of entrepreneurs.1.2 Aims and objectives1.2a AimTo understand the reasons for the succ esses and failures of the entrepreneurs A case study focus of an entrepreneurs in India.1.2b ObjectivesThe research seeks to study the life story of Mr. Prakash Bang, an entrepreneur based in India with relation to the following pointsTo understand as how the business probability is observed in the entrepreneurial processTo analyse the impact of networking on entrepreneurship and the influence of the social network on the set up and expansion of business.To know as how the ideas or the links for exports are developed and the effect of the governments role for planetaryization.The role model inspiration and the vision of the business.The successes and failures of an entrepreneur.1.3 Value and ContributionThe study will provide an understanding about the different stages involved in the entrepreneurs life, i.e. from the start up to the growth of a firm. The research will provide insights about the various challenges go about by a small business entrepreneur. It will also serve as a guideline to the present entrepreneurs and the individuals who wish to become entrepreneurs in future.1.4 twist of the studyCHAPTERCONTENTChapter 1IntroductionThis first chapter gives an idea about the project. The evolution and importance of Entrepreneurship. Then, the motivation for research is specified which is based on the successes and failures of the entrepreneurs. The last part shows the aims and objectives for the research.Chapter 2Literature ReviewThe literature review highlights and examines the previous studies in the entrepreneurship area and relevant theories, which form the background of this study. This includes economic importance of entrepreneurship, opportunity realisation and effects, the role of bank lends, entrepreneurial personality factors, role of government policies and entrepreneurial failures. There are different views observed on the factors responsible for entrepreneurship. This chapter presents schooling on the issues which are related to the ent repreneurship stages.Chapter 3MethodologyThe chapter describes the research methodology adopted for the study and provides justifications for the approach. Qualitative research is used to analyse the case and the primary coil data is collected. Finally this chapter analyses the methodology and identifies the various challenges encountered during the research.Chapter 4Discussion of FindingsThis chapter discusses the findings, considering the relevant current literature. It tries to identify the reasons related to the research and findings.Chapter5ConclusionsThis chapter concludes the findings of the study and states the contribution of the research. It also identifies areas required for the future research by understanding the past failures of entrepreneurs. Finally this chapter provides recommendations on which will prove useful to the successes of entrepreneurs.Chapter 2. Literature Review2.1 Meaning and importance of entrepreneurshipEntrepreneurship is linked with the economic gro wth. An interesting study by Hicks in study of Texas sales receipts said that the highest failure rates had the highest employ growth and highest wages. It can be noted that entrepreneurship has at least a part on such benefits. It is also found that in case of failure of the entrepreneurs the consumer still get a higher valued offerings (Knott, 2008). Entrepreneurship is believed to be risky as it is highly innovative and high tech. Entrepreneurs shifts the resources from the areas of lower production to the areas of higher production. Entrepreneurship is implied to evolution and revolution. Different authors have different opinions on entrepreneurs. As per Drucker, Entrepreneurs are designers of new realities, i.e. as the introducers of a new product or process. Krizner (1973) suggested that entrepreneurs create new ways of organising economic activities. Mintzberg (1973) in line with the Schumpeterian said that the strategy of entrepreneurs is a discontinuous and radical change, which is guided by a tunnel of a vision. However, Lessem (1984) argued that entrepreneurs are experimental learners. The above views of different authors show that Entrepreneurship brings evolution as well as revolution (Klandt 1993). Entrepreneurs are the creators and leaders of the society who change the way people live, work, play and lead. Entrepreneurship evolved in America before 35 years and had a stunning impact on the cultural and the economic landscape of America. Americas entrepreneurship is now a global movement and has become a model for the business people and policymakers. It is noteworthy that EUs action plan in 2000 to be the most agonistical economy by 2010 by fuelling entrepreneurial minds, encouraging more people to start their own businesses and forming more entrepreneurial friendly regulatory as well as administrative environment. Entrepreneurship has also exploded in the countries like India and China leading to a positive social and economic change (Timmons and Spinelli, 2007)2.2 Entrepreneurship in IndiaIf we consider the example of India, it is known as the land of the successful world famous entrepreneurs like Mukesh Ambani and Lakshmi Mittal, who are currently at the top 8th and 9th position in the world as per the American magazine Forbes (edubook, 2009) withal these legendary family business players many new firms are also emerging in the growing economy India. Many of the business are funded with the infusion of secret equity or surmise capital. However, as per the statistics from Brain and Company the venture capital market in India, has declined from US $ 17 billion in 2007 to US$ 14 billion in 2008. In spite these s many entrepreneurs like the CEO of hotmail.com are still bullish on the new ventures and secure that India for entrepreneurship still remains advantageous (Wharton, 2009)If we consider GEM 2003 statistics for India, it showed that 12.5% of the Indian population is involved in the opportunity based ventures whereas in China it was just 5.5%. The federal agency of India is because of the strong entrepreneurship environment and more iconic entrepreneurs. However with the emergence of the Chinese companies like alibaba.com in which yahoo took 40% stake, China has started producing role models. In close to future Indian entrepreneurs are likely to fail as compared to the Chinese entrepreneurs (insead, 2008) At this moment, India needs to have a right environment, capital access and should change networking and exchange as well. Presently, India is a land of technologists and the businesses can survive for much longer time than any other countries (narendra, 2009) Another point to be noted is that the Indian technology firms can add value to the countrys growth because a technology product company adds faster and quicker money using small power. The main challenge here is that these firms need to be competitive in future (sramanamitra, 2007)Although the present scenario is completely dif ferent in India during the period of 1980s to 1990s, the entrepreneurs had to face up tough times as they had to obtain multiple licences and the government officers who were involved in the licence aspects were underpaid and ultimately resorted in bribery and corruption. Then the situations changed after 1990s. The main reason for the change is because the Indian business practices started changing in 1991 after extensive economic reforms. Indian economy has sustained average GDP around 9% from 2006 to 2007. In the past decade, Indias GDP has increased from 21% to 33% and the foreign exchange reserves have reached over $200 billion. In todays scenario entrepreneurship has taken off and is truly a promising market for the entrepreneurial firms. (go4funding, 2009) The growth of Indian piffling Scale Industries (SSI) post liberalization, during 1994 to 2002 was over 4.1% annually and also the employment grew by 4% annually. (small sector growth in india, 2006)2.3 Discovery of entrep reneurship opportunity and its effectsIn Entrepreneurship, it is necessary to understand as how the opportunities are realised by the entrepreneurs. The concept of opportunity generation is a largely overlooked aspect but is central and an important part of entrepreneurship. Opportunity generation is defined as a situation in which a person creates new means to yield profits. It is crucial to understand the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities in the life of an entrepreneur, as the characteristics of the entrepreneurial opportunities manipulate the entire entrepreneurial process. Authors like Schumpeter and Kirznerian have different view points on the role of opportunities which is represented in the table belowSchumpeterian OpportunitiesDisequilibratingRequires new schoolingVery InnovativeRareInvolves Creation Kirznerian OpportunitiesEquilibratingDoes not require new informationLess innovative CommonLimited to discovery put back 1(Shane, 2003)Also, certain individual differe nces are observed in the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunityAccess to informationLife experiencesSocial networksSearch processesOpportunity mentionAbsorptive capacityIntelligenceCognitive propertiesTable 2 (Shane, 2003)It is important to understand the Timmons model in entrepreneurship as the opportunity is considered at the heart of the business and is driven by the entrepreneur and the entrepreneurs team. As per the Timmons model, the shape, size and the depth of the opportunity structures the necessary shape, size and the depth of the resources and the team. It is well explained in the following diagramMany activities function in the social, economical, political and family spheres that are categorized under Entrepreneurship. Such entrepreneurial activities require a lot of effort, negotiation and are a arrange of activities in relation to something that are gone before. The first stage in the entrepreneurship process is known as the opportunity formation stage, which is a commonly observed phenomenon in entrepreneurship and the business venturing process. The formation of opportunity is relationally and communally constituted. However, this argument is not fully considered in descriptive or linear process models of opportunity recognition. As per the studies of some authors, an opportunity is discovered due to a persons cognitive skills, organizational learning process and networking skills or career choices. These frame works formulate opportunity recognition process. The problem in such frameworks is that they fail to take a wider picture of societal, economic or cultural structures and patterns that shape entrepreneurship (Fletcher, 2006).Although, the opportunity generation strategies are important in entrepreneurship, the effects of such strategies are neglected in the entrepreneurship area. It is interesting to note that the performance of a venture is strongly influenced by the opportunity discovery strategies. An observation on three entrepr eneurial firms showed that the growth of an entrepreneurial firm is affected positively by proactive search approach of entrepreneurs. We can easily understand the effect of proactive search on the performance of new ventures in the diagram below. The high beta value (.67) shows that the proactive search approach of an entrepreneur is the most important catalyst for the growth of a new venture. It should be also noted that in a similar way, the competitive scanning affects the newness values of a firm (Puhakka, 2007)2.4 Factors for successful entrepreneurship and its effectsMany successful business entrepreneurs like the Bill Gates and Richard Branson manage to expand their firms very quickly and with gigantic success. The reasons for their high growth success area) They had an entrepreneurial character within themselves. Moreover, the adapted to the change as per the growth of their business.b) They had an effective business culture which is considered as very important influential leadership tool in a firm. Their enterprise cultures had thorough foundations to grow and were obsessed with the aim of being successful in the long run.c) Also, they had an expert management team and sound financial control systems. The interesting point to note is that these firms knew as why the customers taint from them and not from their competitors.d) Lastly they had very strong strategies which helped their firms to lead towards the successes and growth stages (Burns 2006).Also, other reasons to be successful as an entrepreneurial management are as followsa) It should be focussed on the market.b) It requires a financial prudence and specially planning for the cash flow and the future needs for capital.c) It needs a well constructed top management team, before the new ventures requirement and before it can afford one.d) The founder or the entrepreneur should have a decision in respect to his own role, area of work and relationships. (Drucker,2008)Success of a venture also de pends on the leadership attributes of an entrepreneur and it is said that the successful business is a criticism of the leader (Advancing women, 2006) However, the business success does not always depend on the leaders vision. This is because a creative entrepreneur develops a product which is in great demand and also produces a product which is efficient and profitable. (Business management, 2008)There are different views of entrepreneurs on the success of a business venture.Example It is interesting to note the view of the young entrepreneur Jasdeep Singh Bhatia whose article was selected for the Enterprising British Summit 05. He said that a real entrepreneur has drive and motivation within him and knows his vision (news bbc, 2005) Another example is of the Successful entrepreneur Andy McLoughlin, who believes in his vision and has always followed his father as a role model who inspired him to start his own business (Make your mark, 2009). However in case of Scarlet, who was no minated for Barclays Inspire award said that she was determined and believed in herself to set up business in spite of the difficulties in her life (Ne business, 2009).The above views of different entrepreneurs show that entrepreneurs define success in many different ways and the concept of entrepreneurship is a entangled issue.Although the concept of entrepreneurship is difficult to understand, it plays an important role in the success of a nation. Entrepreneurship leads to the economic growth in many ways. Entrepreneurs enter and expand the existing markets leading to increased competition and economic efficiency. Also, new markets are often explored by offering innovative products. Statistics have shown that 14% of the entrepreneurs starting a business say that their product had no direct competition a clear indication of the creation of new markets.Lets consider US as an exampleThe last 15 years have been robust in the set up of new ventures. Many statistics have shown that in the last ten years new business start ups approached nearly 600, 000 per year. Today, the numbers of businesses in the US have soared more than 20 million and the growth rate is at 2 percent. As per the National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB), more than half of all businesses employ less than five people and almost 90% of the firms have fewer than 20 people. The s mentioned in the table below give us a better idea in terms of the new jobs created and the size of business in the US from the years 1980 to 1995 (Kuratko and Hodgetts,2007).(SIZE OF BUSINESS)Years New Jobs (000s)20-499Employees500+ Employees1990 19956,85349%27.5%23.5%1988 19902,666153.8-31.9-18.81986 19886,16924.120.855.11984 19864,61135.516.847.71982 19844,31848.827.923.31980 19821,54297.9-2.44.5Table 3 Source NFIB Small Business Policy Guide (Washington, DC., November 2000), 31From the above statistics we can conclude that the small businesses entrepreneurs have successfully created new jobs leading to the strong economic conditions in the US.However, it is interesting to note that as per the report of bit Economic Research and Information Centre (MERIC) the Small Businesses and the Entrepreneurial Growth Companies (EGC) are two different concepts. As per the MERIC report, the owners of EGCs have significant economic effects on a community by accounting for a large creation of new job growth whereas Small Businesses target controlled growth and continuous profitability (MERIC, 2009).In reference to the US job creation statistics mentioned earlier, one of the reasons for the success of entrepreneurship in the US is due to the strong support of the US Small Business Administration (SBA) to its entrepreneurs. SBA was created in 1953 as an independent agency of the federal state government and has a vast network of partnership of public and hush-hush companies. Also, SBA has many loan assistant programmes and recently, President Obama came up with the American Recovery and Reinv estment Act of 2009 to help the small business owners with tax relief plans to overcome the losses (SBA, 2009). Whereas, if we compare support of Indian government to its entrepreneurs, not only there are very few loan programmes available but also no serious initiative was taken in the crisis situation to help entrepreneurs (Business gov, 2009) This is one of the main reasons for the success of the American entrepreneurs and the failure of Indian entrepreneurs.2.5 Entrepreneurship scenario in growing economies and role of banksIf situations mentioned above continue in India, the entrepreneurs may highly fail due to less support available. Also, it is also observed that the Indian government shows very low interest to the ideas of individuals.A very steady-going example to support the above statement An individual from India shifted to a small south Asian country as he did not get support from Venture Capital funds in India. As a result, this entrepreneur is now moving his company base and will offer employment to the locals of another country (Trak, 2009). From the above points it is clear that the role of government is very important for the success of entrepreneurs and the country.Support from the banks is also very essential especially in the growing economies for successful entrepreneurship because the bank loans are a source of external funding for small and medium size business. Another interesting point is that many entrepreneurship studies involved in the research of emerging economies have suggested that personal relationships and networks with other entrepreneurs, bankers, government, friends and relatives may play an important role for the lend institutions as well as the borrower. A case study of small and medium enterprises in Vietnam showed that different networks accomplish different purposes and therefore it is necessary to queue the networks as per the requirements in the various stages of business. As per the research paper, networking w ith customers and government officials helps (use of bank loan) to improve business performance whereas networking with suppliers and society reduces the need for a bank loan (shown in the below) (Le, N. T. B. Nguyen, T. V. 2009)Bank loan is important for the venture set up. In India, statistics have shown that 41% of the business owners seek for sources of finance. However, the criticism to the bank loan is that a forum of Private Business found that taking a bank loan is not an attractive option because only 26% of the people found the charges of bank are good value for money (Deakins and Freel, 2005). Also, there is a problem for the high technology firms to get loan from the banks because the banks require collateral or a good track record with business propositions. Most of the fast growing businesses grow due to retained profits (Bhide 2000- p 364- Oxford). If we consider another option of investment, i.e. venture capital with reference to India, venture capitalists firms do not fund for the start up enterprises, unless an IT business. The venture capitalists firm think that IT businesses have good growth prospects in India and therefore are a safe funding option (Silicon India, 2009)Previously we have seen that networking is a crucial element in the success of entrepreneurship. However, another study concluded that if we consider the importance of networking and the three areas network relationships, governance and structure, then the focus of network development process over the venture gestation, formation and the growth life cycle of a firm receives less attention2.6 Entrepreneurial personality factors and its importanceIn entrepreneurship, there are some(prenominal) factors that can be controlled besides the personality traits and parents (Knott, 2008). In entrepreneurship it important to understand the personality factors of an entrepreneur. Some studies have concluded that 20% of variance in the intentions of entrepreneur origin can be seen by the personality origin of an entrepreneur. However, this ratio drops down to zero while explaining business success. It is found that the personality factors depend on the start up intentions of an entrepreneur. A group of researchers on the basis of configuration- theory approach observed that the personality characteristics of an entrepreneur gradually decrease from the start up phase to the business growth stage. (Refer 5)Also for the development of the business intentions, correct measures need to be taken in schools and university in order to foster the personality characteristics of an entrepreneur. (Refer 6) (Frank, 2007)In todays world, entrepreneurship besides the start up intentions and the personality characteristics of an entrepreneur is also influenced by the global economy. Trading in the global economy or the international market requires understanding of different cultures, risk taking and economic production methods. The process of internationalisation is a progres sion of stages and a gradual process which begins from an established domestic market. Traditionally, a small firm enters overseas markets through agents to gain knowledge for opening its own subsidiary firm. Then in the final stage overseas production is started. This is well explained in the diagram belowThe entrepreneurship concept though interesting has many challenges or problems. In 1971, author Frank Knight said that entrepreneurship judgement is a natural complement to the theory of the firm. However the challenge is whether the entrepreneurs insight is incorporated or not, as there are problems related to the modelling issues like the judgement and entrepreneurial experimentation (Muzumdar, 2008)2.7 Internationalization of a firm and international entrepreneurshipThe internationalization process is also influenced by the networks of the entrepreneurs. The knowledge of internationalization can be gained through partnerships or in relation to the business networks. The import ance of networks is that they are good source of information, linked to opportunities and vision. Social networks have crucial contribution in making a big difference towards the success. It is noteworthy that the entrepreneurs and the managers understand that firms cannot perform alone and social networks are an important element in a firms international success. Therefore firms should involve in the networking process by taking part in specialized conferences to promote their credibility in the international market.The diagram below shows the three roles of social networks related to the firm, entrepreneur and the entrepreneurial team and the High Tech Small Medium Enterprises (HTSME). In this it is shown that the information is genuine from the external sources, mainly through the networks. Then the information is used by the lead entrepreneur and his / her team, based on the prior knowledge, experience and thoughts. During this time the information is also gained from t

Cosmetic Surgery: Risky and Unnecessary Surgery Essay -- plastic surge

Is cosmetic or plastic surgery helpful, or damaging to an individuals mind and body? The ii main branches of plastic surgery are constructive and cosmetic (Plastic Surgery Addicts). This is the reason why the terms cosmetic and plastic are use interchangeably in the medical field. Some people may think that all surgery is the same, although cosmetic and reconstructive surgeries are not identical. The difference is that reconstructive surgery is used to fix parts of the body that are damaged (Lee). cosmetic surgery is used in removing, altering or rearranging tissues of the body (Lee). The news plastic does not actually refer to real plastic. Plastic surgery comes from the Greek word plastikos, which means to shape or mold (Olesen 10). The significant issues of cosmetic surgery, such as self-esteem problems, surgeons making mistakes, risks and people becoming addicted make me believe that it is unnecessary. There is a one in 250,000 chance of dying when going under the knife, but w hy risk going under for cosmetic surgery at all? (Olesen 50).Plastic surgery is not something that has just been deep developed. It has been around since as far back as 800 B.C. in India (cosmetic). As one of the punishments, peoples noses were removed. Surgeons would try to repair them to the best of their ability. contend also played a large role in plastic surgery. This was considered reconstructive surgery because soldiers who had it done were usually severely hurt in battle. Cosmetic surgery became more modern and well known in the 1960s and 70s (Health Questions). Cosmetic surgery is sure to expand its do work in the future as technology continues to improve.There are many reasons why patients have low self-esteem and assum... ...y. World Book Advanced. World Book, 2010. Print. Matthews, Sarah. given to Plastic Surgery The Facts. Plastic Surgery. 29 May 2009. Web. 28 Apr. 2010. Mimon, Diana. Tara Reid Talks About Plastic Surgery. About.com. Web. 28 Apr. 2010. Olesen, R. M errel., and Marie B. V. Olesen. Cosmetic Surgery for Dummies. Hoboken, N.J. Wiley, 2005. Print. Pilcher, Georgie. How Could She? This Woman Faked Cancer to see Money for Plastic Surgery. EBSCOhost 18 Nov. 2010. Web. 28 Apr. 2010. Plastic Surgery Addiction. Breast-Plastic-Surgery.Org. 5 Jan. 2008. Web. 29 Apr. 2010. Plastic Surgery Addicts. Medical News Today. 6 Nov. 2007. Web. 29 Apr. 2010. Teens and Cosmetic Surgery. Issues and Controversies on File 9.22 (2004) 465-72. Web. 22 Apr. 2010. What Is Cosmetic Surgery? What Is Plastic Surgery? Medical News Today. 30 June 2009. Web. 5 May 2010.

Ramses :: Ancient Egypt Egyptian History

RamsesRamses the Great ruled as the greatest pharaoh of all times. similarly known as Ramses II, he was born in 1304 B.C., and was given the name the Justice of Ray is Powerful. He had the knowledge of the kingdom, and became the focus of the court at an earlier age. Ramses and his father spent most of their time together. As a young crown prince, Ramses II was appointed a co-ruler by his aging father, Seti I, and fully genetic the throne at age 24 when his father died. Even before he became Pharaoh, the young prince was known as a courageous warrior. At 22, he was sent to quell a minor revolt in Nubia. He brought along two little sons, and they took part in a chariot charge, harmonize to a scene depicted in a carved relief on the walls of the Beit El-Wali Temple south of Aswan. After his ascent to the throne, the kingdom prospered and the young Pharaoh poured his energies and interior(a) treasures into building temples and monuments honoring his father, Egypts gods and himself. In Nubia he constructed six temples, two of which were carved out of a Cliffside at Abu Simbel, with their four colossal statues of the king, are the most smart as a whip and the best known. Engineers designed the temple so every year on February 22 and October 22 the earliest sunrays shine on the back wall of the inward chamber and lights up the pharaohs statue, and fitting, he sits with the three gods of the sun. In all of his monuments he had his name cartouche and texts engraved so deep that no successor would be able to remove it. When Ramses became pharaoh, he had as many women as his heart desired and they were his greatest supporters. Ramses II built a king-size family with a considerable serail of wives and concubines. He had 5 or 6 main wives and is known to have had more than 100 children with all of his wives. His favorite wife was the beautiful Nefertari, his chief cigaret and mother of his first-born son and other children. Ancient statues and inscriptions suggest she often appeared at her husbands side on state occasions and during religious ceremonies early in his reign. Ramses spent most of his 67-year reign reviving the empire and fighting the Hittites of Asia Minor. Ramses the Great, known for his fighting, went into battle with about 2,000 men in 1275 B.