The Greensboro Sit-In of 1960

The Greensboro sit-in was a February 1, 1960, protest by four black college students at the lunch counter of a North Carolina Woolworths store. Joseph McNeil, Franklin McCain, Ezell Blair Jr., and David Richmond, who attended the North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, intentionally sat at a whites-only lunch counter and requested to be served to challenge racially segregated dining. Such sit-ins had taken place as early as the 1940s, but the Greensboro sit-in received a wave of national attention that sparked a large scale movement against Jim Crow’s presence in private businesses. During this period of US history, it was commonplace for black and white Americans to have separate dining accommodations. Four years before the Greensboro sit-in, African Americans in Montgomery, Alabama, had successfully challenged racial segregation on city buses. And in 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court had ruled that â€Å"separate but equal† schools for blacks and whites violated the constitutional rights of African American students. As a result of these historic civil rights victories, many black people were hopeful that they could knock down barriers to equality in other sectors as well.   Fast Facts: The Greensboro Sit-In of 1960 Four North Carolina students—Joseph McNeil, Franklin McCain, Ezell Blair Jr., and David Richmond—organized the Greensboro Sit-In in February 1960 to protest racial segregation at lunch counters.The actions of the Greensboro Four quickly inspired other students to act. Young people in other North Carolina cities, and eventually in other states, protested racial segregation at lunch counters as a result.In April 1960, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) formed in Raleigh, North Carolina, to allow students to easily mobilize around other issues. SNCC played key roles in the Freedom Rides, the March on Washington, and other civil rights efforts.  The Smithsonian has part of the original lunch counter from the Greensboro Woolworth’s on display. The Impetus for the Greensboro Sit-In Just as Rosa Parks prepared for the moment that she could challenge racial segregation on a Montgomery bus, the Greensboro Four planned for the opportunity to challenge Jim Crow at a lunch counter. One of the four students, Joseph McNeil, felt personally moved to take a stand against whites-only policies at diners. In December 1959, he’d returned to Greensboro from a trip to New York and was angered when turned away from the Greensboro Trailways Bus Terminal Cafe. In New York, he had not faced the overt racism he’d encountered in North Carolina, and he wasn’t eager to accept such treatment once more. McNeil was also motivated to act because he’d befriended an activist named Eula Hudgens, who’d participated in the 1947 Journey of Reconciliation to protest racial segregation on interstate buses, a precursor to the 1961 Freedom Rides. He’d spoken with Hudgens about her experiences taking part in civil disobedience.   McNeil and the other members of the Greensboro Four had also read about social justice issues, taking in books by freedom fighters, scholars, and poets such as Frederick Douglass, Touissant L’Ouverture, Gandhi, W.E.B. DuBois, and Langston Hughes. The foursome also discussed taking nonviolent forms of political action with one another. They befriended a white entrepreneur and activist named Ralph Johns, who’d contributed to their university and to civil rights group the NAACP, as well. Their knowledge of civil disobedience and friendships with activists led the students to take action themselves. They began to plan a nonviolent protest of their own. The First Sit-In at Woolworths The Greensboro Four carefully organized their sit-in at Woolworths, a department store with a lunch counter. Before heading to the store, they had Ralph Johns contact the press to make sure their protest received media attention. After arriving at Woolworths, they bought various items and held on to their receipts, so there would be no doubt they were store patrons. When they finished shopping, they sat down at the lunch counter and asked to be served. Predictably, the students were denied service and ordered to leave. Afterward, they told other students about the incident, inspiring their peers to get involved.   February, 1960. African Americans stage sit down at Woolworth Stores lunch counter, in which service was refused to them. Donald Uhrbrock  / Getty Images The following morning, 29 North Carolina Agricultural and Technical students went to Woolworth’s lunch counter and asked to be waited on. The day after that, students from another college took part, and before long, young people began holding sit-ins at lunch counters elsewhere. Throngs of activists were heading to lunch counters and demanding service. This prompted groups of white men to show up at the lunch counters and assault, insult, or otherwise disturb the protesters. Sometimes, the men threw eggs at the youth, and one student’s coat was even set alight while demonstrating at a lunch counter. For six days, the lunch counter protests went on, and by Saturday (the Greensboro Four began their demonstration on a Monday), an estimated 1,400 students showed up to the Greensboro Woolworths to demonstrate inside and outside the store. The sit-ins spread to other North Carolina cities, including Charlotte, Winston-Salem, and Durham. At a Raleigh Woolworths, 41 students were arrested for trespassing, but most students who took part in the lunch counter sit-ins were not arrested for protesting racial segregation. The movement eventually spread to cities in 13 states where youth challenged segregation at hotels, libraries, and beaches in addition to lunch counters. Demonstrators holding signs protest in front of an F.W. Woolworth store in Harlem to oppose lunch counter discrimination practiced in Woolworth stores in Greensboro, Charlotte, and Durham, North Carolina. Bettmann  /  Getty Images Impact and Legacy of the Lunch Counter Sit-Ins The sit-ins quickly led to integrated dining accommodations. Over the next few months, blacks and whites were sharing lunch counters in Greensboro and other cities in the South and North alike. It took longer for other lunch counters to integrate, with some stores closing them down to avoid doing so. Still, the mass student action put the national spotlight on segregated dining facilities. The sit-ins also stand out because they were a grassroots movement organized by a group of students unaffiliated with any particular civil rights organization.   Some of the young people who took part in the lunch-counter movement formed the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC ) in Raleigh, North Carolina, in April 1960. SNCC would go on to play roles in the 1961 Freedom Rides, the 1963 March on Washington, and the 1964 Civil Rights Act. The Greensboro Woolworths now serves as the International Civil Rights Center and Museum and the Smithsonian National Museum of American History in Washington, D.C. has part of Woolworth’s lunch counter on display. Sources Murray, Jonathan. â€Å"Greensboro Sit-In.† North Carolina History Project.  Rosenberg, Gerald N. â€Å"The Hollow Hope: Can Courts Bring About Social Change?† University of Chicago Press, 1991.

How Long Should My Paper Be

Its really annoying when a teacher or professor gives a writing assignment and doesnt offer specific instruction about how long the response should be. There is a reason for this, of course. Teachers like for students to focus on the meaning of the work and not just fill a given amount of space. But students like guidance! Sometimes, if we dont have parameters to follow, we are lost when it comes to getting started. For this reason, Ill share these general guidelines pertaining to test answers and paper length. Ive asked several professors to explain what they really mean when they say the following: Short answer essay- We often see short answer essays on exams. Focus on the essay more than the short on this one. Write an essay that contains at least five sentences. Cover about a third of a page to be safe. Short answer- You should respond to a short answer question on an exam with two or three sentences. Be sure to explain what, when, and why. Essay question- An essay question on an exam should be at least a full page in length, but longer is probably better. If youre using a blue book, the essay should be at least two pages long. Write a short paper- A short paper is normally three to five pages long. Write a paper- How unspecific can a teacher be? But when they give such generic instruction, it means they really want to see some meaningful writing. Two pages of great content will work better than six or ten pages of fluff.

Short Term Effects Of Reconstruction Essay - 982 Words

The end of the Civil War produced many short-term and long-term effects. After the Civil War through 1896, the North and South tried to reunite the United States to avoid being attacked by other countries. While the government tried to solve the problems with rebuilding the nation, their solutions were short term and failed to address the problem. There were many disagreements about Reconstruction that lead to conflict in the government and in the South. There were many plans that the government created to give African Americans rights that failed. Rebuilding the Nation, the battle over Reconstruction, and finally the end of Reconstruction led to several short and long term effects. The government tried to solve key problems facing the†¦show more content†¦After attempting to rebuild the nation with short term plans, the United States continued to have disagreements over Reconstruction. Disagreements over Reconstruction lead to conflict in government and in the South. Andrew Johnson was the vice president of Abraham Lincoln. After Lincoln was assassinated, Johnson became President and was in control of how Reconstruction would go. Johnson was originally from the South, he was pro-slavery, and he wanted a lenient plan for Reconstruction. While Congress was out of session, Johnson created and put into effect a Reconstruction plan. The opposite party to Johnson was the Radical Republicans. Radical Republicans were mostly from the North, they were anti-slavery, and they wanted a strict plan for Reconstruction. They had strong support from scalawags, carpetbaggers, and freedmen. Their main goal of Reconstruction was to be a total reconstruction of society to guarentee black people true equality. Another party in this battle was the Klu Klux Klan. The Klu Klux Klan used terror to stop African Americans from gaining any power. They would whip, torture, shoot, hang, and som etimes burn people alive. There were hundreds of lives lost during the 1868 election. This cause voting from African Americans to decline. After all of the disagreements about Reconstruction, the end of Reconstruction still failed to give African Americans rights. Reconstruction failed in many ways toShow MoreRelatedOrigin Of And Role Played By Manifest Destiny1323 Words   |  6 Pagesand Role Played by Manifest Destiny John O’Sullivan, a newspaper editor, coined the term Manifest Destiny in 1845. Since then, scholars have used the term to refer to the expansionistic excitement that defined the 1840s. During that time, the United States’ population had more than quadrupled and Americans believed God had destined that they span the entire North America from one coast to the other. 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Implications of HCAHPS in Health Care

Question: Describe about the Implications of HCAHPS in Health Care. Answer: Introduction: Patient perception metrics, like HCAHP surveys, are crucial in hospital and clinical settings, being linked with financial reimbursement for Medicare, as per the provisions of the Affordable Care Act (ACA). Hospitals are rewarded or penalized on the basis of patient care experience, which involves health care quality, patient satisfaction, and doctor-patient relationship. Though, there are concerns about its efficacy, it is a valid indicator of quality care that improves patient experience ratings (Mehta, 2015). Merits of HCAHPS: The success of a hospital depends on the volume of patients, whose medical decisions are directly related to the word of mouth publicity and reputation. The HCAHPS helps the hospitals assess the patients comments, for improving the rating and patient satisfaction (Mehta, 2015). The performances of the Cleveland Clinic and similar organizations have proved that patient satisfaction is what matters in improving quality care (Siegrist, 2013). Demerits of HCAHPS: While quality metrics are evaluated on patient experience scores, sometimes high- value-care may fail in deriving desired patient satisfaction. If physicians are penalized for it, such situations would result in negative patient-physician outcomes (Mehta, 2015). The Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) has indirectly vouched this, by stating that the HCAHPS produces inequitable results in the lower socioeconomic patient groups (AAMC, 2011), and did not encompass all items that impact on the scores, placing many hospitals disadvantaged (Debra, 2012). Conclusion The effectiveness of HCAHPS has been questioned recently for its unintentional biases, as many prestigious hospitals, received poor patient reviews, despite their high quality metrics. Ironically, many hospitals received high patient ratings when their clinical quality was low. However, there are no other tools, currently, to evaluate patient satisfaction, which is the real measure of quality medical care. It is because, value in healthcare is delivering low cost, high quality patient friendly care (Guadagnino, 2012), and HCAHPS contribution in this regard cannot be underestimated. References Association of American Medical Colleges. (2011). AAMC Comments on Medicare Hospital Value-Based Purchasing Program Proposed Rule. Retrieved 5 October, 2016 from https://www.aamc.org/advocacy/washhigh/highlights2011/179448/031111aamc_comments_on_medicare_hospital_value-based_purchasing.html Debra, Z. (2012). Using Patient Satisfaction as a Basis for Reimbursement: Political, Financial, and Philosophical Implications. Creative Nursing Vol. 18, No. 3 Retrieved 5 October, 2016 from https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-2744440231/using-patient-satisfaction-as-a-basis-for-reimbursement Guadagnino, C. (2012). Patient Satisfaction Critical to Hospital Value-Based Purchasing Program. The Hospitalist. Retrieved 5 October, 2016 from https://www.the-hospitalist.org/article/patient-satisfaction-critical-to-hospital-value-based-purchasing-program/2/ Mehta, S. J. (2015). Patient Satisfaction Reporting and Its Implications for Patient Care AMA Journal of Ethics, Volume 17, Number 7: 616-621. Retrieved 5 October 2016 from https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/2015/07/ecas3-1507.html Siegrist, R. B. (2013). Patient Satisfaction: History, Myths, and Misperceptions. HISTORY OF MEDICINE. Virtual Mentor, Volume 15, Number 11: 982-987. Retrieved 5 October 2016 from https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/2013/11/mhst1-1311.html