Importance of Personal Responsibility

According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary personal means relating to the person or body and responsibility means the quality or state of being responsible such as a moral, legal, or mental accountability. Fritz Perls, the father of gestalt therapy, said that, â€Å"responsibility meant that we all have the ability to personally respond – â€Å"response-ability†. Perls also referred responsibility to the ability to move, feel, live, and change you. So, to my understanding, personal responsibility is one’s ability to care for what has been entrusted to them.It is when an individual accepts the outcome of whatever actions or decisions he/or she makes, instead of blaming other people for what did not turn out right. Personal Responsibility is important to me because it is something that I am supposed to have as a child of the Most High God. In this essay, it is my goal to define what personal responsibility is and what it means to me, explain the relationship betw een personal responsibility and college success, and give an example of how I plan to practice personal responsibility in my education. Personal Responsibility in everyday life.What do you think of when you hear these words? For me it means putting God first in all that I do and trusting Him to keep all of His promises to me. Scripture tells us that it we are to accept personal responsibility for ourselves (Galatians. 6:5) and our own actions (2 Corinthians 5:10), for widows and orphans, (James 1:27) for our relatives (1 Timothy 5:8), and for those in need (Deuteronomy 15: 7-11). I have learned to accept personal responsibility more so when I am wrong than when I am right. Why? Because it teaches me and others how to become mature.When we accept our personal responsibilities, it takes the load off of others. Now, there are some who would argue with me saying that it is not their responsibility to take care the widows, orphans, those in need. All I have to say to those individuals is whose responsibility will it be when you are down and out? Social Security? Unemployment? Department of Health and Human Resources? Once again I will refer to scripture by saying that we are all helpers of one another (1 Thessalonians 5:11). When we graduate from High School and attend college,it is our personal responsibility to purchase our books and supplies, show up for class, take notes, study, and make good grades. No one else can do this for us. Oddly enough, this is a time when most of learn that we are on our own. Instead of a â€Å"teacher†, we have an â€Å"instructor†. My wife was once told by a college professor that he was an instructor, not a teacher. He was there to give the assignment and grade it. The students were supposed to have already learned most everything prior to that particular college course, therefore it would be their personal responsibility to be on time for class, take notes, and turn in their assignments.In our careers our personal re sponsibilities may come with a little more authority. We become responsible for employers, employees, clients, and/or customers. Making sure that everyone is well taken care of and provided for becomes our number one priority. It does not matter what field of work one goes into, we are always going to have to deal with others, putting them before ourselves. Once again I refer to scripture when it talks about â€Å"esteeming others more highly than ourselves† (Philippians 2:3). Failing to accept one’s responsibilities here could result in losing their job.The relationship between personal responsibility and college success and closely related. In order to be successful in college, one must be willing to accept responsibility for every action they take and thought they make. College is not easy and therefore will take a lot of hard work, effort, the ability to handle diverse situations, and maturity. I believe that it should be mandatory for juniors and seniors in high s chool to take at least one college course before graduation in preparation for college. This would give them a taste of the level of personal responsibility they have ahead of them.It has been my experience that the older or more mature the college student, the more apt he/she is to accept the personal responsibilities that come with college. With all of this being said, it is my plan to practice personal responsibility in my education by helping others who are new to online classes, making sure that my assignments are complete and turned in on time, showing courtesy and respect to my classmates and my teammates, and asking questions when I do not understand something. Some people would not view asking questions as a personal responsibility, but it is. It is our responsibility to ask for ourselves and for others.If we do not ask and our work is incomplete, we have no one to blame but ourselves. This is what I believe the instructors are here for, to instruct us into the right direct ion with the right information. I hope that the points I have made about the importance of personal responsibility in everyday life, college, and our careers was both interesting and able help others see things a little different than before. For myself, I have learned even more about the importance of not only taking care of myself but also for those around me. This to me is what personal responsibility is all about.

Fields Which Contributed to the Growth and Development of Psychology Essay

Psychology and Anthropology Anthropology is the study of Humankind and Psychology is the study of human mind. So there is an obvious connection between the two fields. Anthropologists study the past and present of humans to understand the complexity of cultures across the human history. It is evident that this field has contributed to what psychology is today. Early findings reveal that there was a hollow in the skulls they have found in the Stone Age. Psychologists believe that this was the first methods used by our ancestors to treat those who were possessed by evil spirits. They thought that the spirit was in the head and therefore made a hole in the skull, so that the spirit could go away. Surprisingly this may seem to have worked back in time. The findings on different cultures by anthropologists has greatly aided psychologists adjust themselves when dealing with individuals with different cultural backgrounds as well as multicultural groups Psychology and Biology Biology is the field that study living organisms. The most important study of biology that has affected psychology in a great deal is the study of human brain. Brain plays an important role in our sensation and perception. It is the mediator that controls our responses to the stimuli and it’s impossible to study the sensory processing without knowing the function of the brain. Also, the finding of the localization of ructions in the brain has helped psychologists to categorize the disorders and improve the treatments. Secondly, genetics plays a major role in Psychology too. In the study of personality, we must consider both genetic and social learning experience to get a good understanding. Studying one alone would not lead to a full explanation. We do even have a separate branch in modern psychology related to biology. These biological psychologists study the relationship between the physiological bases and behavior. Psychology and Evolution Evolution is the change in inherited characteristics of population over generations. It is in fact an interesting field to study in relation to Psychology. Charles Darwin in his theory proposed how new species are created and how existing species changes to adapt to the current environment. The human evolution suggests that humans have changed not only physically but also behaviorally. It is surprising to see the long way man has come since then. This does not necessarily take ages. Just think about whom you was when you were a 12 year old and look at a 12 year old today. You will be amazed at how they have changes in a few years time. And when you think way back, how did man who had no language initially are multi lingual now? Psychologists are keen to find out answers to these questions. How did man acquire languages, how was it developed, how men did started creating relationships with each other, with animals etc†¦ Answering these questions has lead psychology grow as a file d, day by day to where it is now. Learning differences, adapting to differences, both behaviorally and psychologically was what we learnt from evolution. Natural selection, Sexual selection and adaptation are important principles that have contributed to the field of psychology. Natural selection talks about the survival of the fittest. Species that have stronger adaptations skills tend to pass on these genes to the next generation and has better chances of survival whereas Sexual selection talks about the principles of attraction. Adaptation in the other hand explains why certain behaviors exist and also the Ultimate proximate causes of such behavior. These adaptations increase fitness. For example, a pregnant mothers show aversion to toxic food during their pregnancy. This is an adaptation to protect the fetus. Psychology and Medicine Development in the field of medicine has indeed aided Psychology in its journey up to date. Finding of various new medication techniques had caused implementation of effective treatment techniques with patients. Even if psychologists do not prescribe medicine, medication indeed helps. For an example, you cannot start psychotherapy on a severely depressed client. Medication is used to bring down the severity and then only the psychotherapy begins. And especially for disorder like schizophrenia, OCD, etc., medication has become a must. And it is proven that it needs medication and psychotherapy combined with social skills training works best for most psychological disorders. Psychology and Buddhism Psychology ahs some of its roots embedded in Buddhism too. Meditation techniques Buddhists use are used in some areas of Psychology. Further when you look at Psychological schools live Existentialism and Humanistic perspective we can see a lot of touches added by Buddhism. The famous existentialist Yalom, talks about four principles death, freedom, isolation and meaninglessness. And when studying his theory you come across a lot of Buddhist principles he has used in developing the theory. Also in the fairly new treatment technique MBCT, which is used mainly to treat relapse prevention in depression, and it also has got Buddhists’ principles embedded in it. Concept of Metacognitive Awareness is one example that directly relates with Buddhism. Even though if psychology has come far as a science, there is still a lot of philosophical influence on the subject throughout its branches which has nourished the field to what it is today. Psychology and Education The advancements of the education process in deed had been an enormous support to the development and growth of the psychology field. There is even a separate branch dedicated as Educational Psychology where psychologists study on new changes and additions to the learning curriculum, infrastructure, special needs etc. to make the learning teaching experience more efficient and effective. Also there is a branch naming School psychology that works within the educational system to help children with personal, social and academic issues. These developments as well as the advancements to education itself, has made the field of psychology vast. In early days there were a very minimal number of psychologists working in the field and it was field most of the people couldn’t even understand. But thanks to education, now we have millions of students learning psychology from high schools and collaged and many psychologists working towards the growth of the field.

The Shooting of Michael Brown Essay

Michael Brown was an 18 year old black man who was shot and killed by police officer Darren Wilson in Ferguson, Missouri 08/9/2014. Michael had intensions to go to college with no previous criminal record. The death of Brown sparked subsequent events in Ferguson and became a national controversy touching on much larger national issues of race, justice, and police violence. This event grew even more national attention when police reacted to protesters, even those acting peacefully, with military-grade equipment such as armored vehicles, tear gas, rubber bullets, and sound cannons. Ties between local residents and their government arose again when heard the investigation into the shooting, inherently secretive grand jury proceedings and subsequent reactions which controlled by mostly whit politicians despite Ferguson’s majority black population. One of the main reasons this shooting grew national attention was the fear commonly held by many parents is that black lives matter les s, particularly in the face of increasingly heavily armed police who carry tremendous legal freedom. Allegedly, Wilson claimed that Brown was charging at him and he fired 6 gunshots at the unarmed man. Brown died 150 ft. from the car, despite earlier statements that Brown died just 35 ft. from the vehicle. Two of the six shots were fired at the head of the unarmed man. Eyewitnesses who went public said Brown and Wilson had a confrontation at the officer’s SUV. Brown ran and Wilson chased after Brown and shot the teenager to death as he attempted to surrender. Constitutionally, police officers are allowed to shoot to protect their life or the life of another innocent party, and/or to prevent a suspect from escaping but only if the officer has probable cause to think the suspect’s committed a serious violent felony. Officers must demonstrate that their actions were objectively reasonable given the circumstances and compared to what other police officers might do (According to David Klinger, University of Missouri-St. Louis Professor). Wilson needed to demonstrate that he feared for his life not just when Brown was by the car, but even after he started shooting, he needed to establish that Brown continued to pose a threat to him until the last fired shot. Brown’s family urged a Michael Brown law following Grand Jury’s Decision not to indict Officer Wilson. NAACP, National Action Network, and others have been working with the family to create a law where it requires that every police  officer in every American city is required to have video body cameras that record every move they make. The benefits of officers wearing body-worn video technology include evidence that both officers and civilians acted in a more positive manner when they were aware that a camera was present, new opportunities for effective training of law enforcement officers presented by the use of cameras, and useful evidence of interactions was often captured on video (as reported on the white house petitions gov page). This would be a Consequentialism solution where the consequences of one’s conduct are the ultimate basis for any judgment about the rightness or wrongness of that conduct. Hopefully, this Law will clear up the major hurdles the black community continue to face in the United States 21st Century.

Assignment 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Assignment 3 - Essay Example Scientists describe dark energy as a form of energy in space that accelerates the expansion of the universe. Evidence of dark energy is through: the supernovae, large-scale structure theory, observational Hubble constant data, late-time integrated Sachs-Wolfe effect and the measurement of the cosmic microwave background (Sarkar, pg33). The proponents of the top down scenario proposed that the structure forms through the collapse of a huge gas cloud and as the cloud collapses the gas forms a rapidly rotating disk which is the galaxy (Sarkar, pg55). The bottom-up scenario, on the other hand, involves the merging of smaller objects to form large ones, which mean that galaxies form by the coalescence of smaller structures to form one huge structure. The age of the earth and formation of the various specular objects is the point of contention among the scientists for many centuries. However, there are features and theories which strongly suggest that the earth is at least a million years old: One of the theories tested is the calculation of the rate at which the salt is delivered to the ocean. The level of salt in river water is small and since most rivers flow into oceans measuring the evaporative concentration of the salts reveals that the age of the earth is more than a million years. The thickness of total sedimentary record divided by the average sedimentation rates also yields the same conclusion that the earth is more than a million years

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 39

Summary - Essay Example There is an emphasis on Catholic culture, using examples of the Jesuits, who adapted to the local culture in China and Japan, while others in the Philippines and elsewhere remained aloof from the local traditions. Pictorial evidence of statues and carvings is shown to demonstrate both the skills and the styles of Indian craftsmen, and the overlap between the best European sculptures of the holy family, and the Indian statues of the Buddha. The Islamic non-pictorial adornment of furniture is also mentioned, as evidence of a different area of overlap. Images of Christian figures such as Jesuit missionary Francis Xavier are shown alongside exotic figures such as peacocks and elephants (Jaffer and Jackson 109) as evidence of the â€Å"hybrid† hypothesis. A very interesting and convincing case is made for the combined influence of art and religion in forging early international collaboration in trade and industry, or indeed in the case of Japan, becoming the focus of persecution. Christian missionaries became a â€Å"conduit for European art and science† (Jaffer and Jackson 122) which went far beyond the original religious ideological content. This is a point that readers may have been vaguely aware of but this text spells out how extremely important these connections were for art in both East and West and what the wider implications were for both sides of the

Agatha Christie's And Then There Were None Essay

Agatha Christie's And Then There Were None - Essay Example Lawrence Wargrave, being a judge, it seems is being alluded to here. The second verse says that â€Å"one got in Chancery†. Perhaps Judge Wargrave is not the one who dies but the one who commits the murder. Being a judge, â€Å"getting in to Chancery†, all imply the notions of the meting out of justice. Perhaps, it can be argued, that Wargrave feels he has the right to punish these people who are guilty of murder (in some way or another). His last name â€Å"Wargrave† is not a common name, and could also be Christie’s way of telling us that the man perceives himself to be a soldier of justice of some kind, going to war against those he believes to be wrong; digging their â€Å"graves†. The immediate conclusion that one could spring to is that the next victim could be Philip Lombard. The use of â€Å"red herring† could signal in this case, to Lombard’s underestimation of Vera Claythorne. What he assumes her to be, and what she potentially could be, could lead to his possible demise; which leads us to another conclusion – that Claythorne could also be the murderer. This is not the only conclusion however. Whilst Claythorne could also be a murderer she might simply just be more resourceful than Lombard assumed her to be, and so saves herself from a sticky situation. Apart from Wargrave, the only other individual who seems to be a potential candidate is Blore. He is a former policeman, and might have similar notions of delivering justice, as presumed in the case of Wargrave. He also takes charge often which could be his way of manipulating the

Marketing Planing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

Marketing Planing - Essay Example The first IKEA Store was opened in Almhult, Sweden to showcase the entire furniture range to the common people. The main objective of the company was to offer exclusive furniture range at an affordable price for the common people. In the year 1940 the company published its first advertisement in reputed newspaper and also sent 800000 catalogues across Swedish homes (IKEA, 2013h). The furniture range was tested at the Swedish design laboratory for proving its genuine quality. The unique selling proposition of IKEA showroom is its wide availability of products ranging from candlestick to coffee tables and exclusive sofa sets (IKEA, 2013c). In addition to the variety of products the inclusion of the restaurant to each store outlets of IKEA was very popular among the customers. The company is famous for manufacturing the four legged easy to assemble table. In spite of the global economic crisis IKEA has witnessed an increase in the sales of furniture by 1.4 percent in the year 2009 from 2008 (IKEA, 2013e). The company yielded profits from the UK sector in spite of the slow economic growth in furniture industry. Figure 1: Annual Sales of IKEA Market Planning Changing &Assessing Capability The market planning method helps in developing plans which help in identification and satisfaction of customer needs. One of the major elements of market planning is to identify the customer needs and requirements through market research and development. Understanding customer requirements is necessary to develop a product as per customer specifications and requirements. Initially, the IKEA furniture range had shades of European design which reflected the European culture and heritage. IKEA was aware of the refined taste of the Europeans and it reflected in the furniture designs. IKEA came up with a unique idea of providing customers with elegant designs at minimalistic prices. This marketing strategy worked wonders for IKEA and the company started yielding huge amount of profits. When the company opened its first American store in Philadelphia in the year 1985 the market seemed to be a very good prospect for IKEA however, the cold behaviour of the American towards IKEA furniture range took the management by surprise. IKEA revamped its marketing strategy completely and renovated the entire furniture range. The marketing tactics worked wonders for IKEA and the sales of the company skyrocketed immediately. By the end of the year 2008, USA became the second largest furniture market after Germany for IKEA. This incident taught IKEA a lesson that the customers of different countries have different requirements and tastes and products should be developed accordingly. Before entering the Asian markets the management of IKEA did their homework well and studied the Asian culture carefully. For example the designs of the IKEA stores in China were similar to that of Chinese homes with attractive colours. IKEA also started paying heed to specific customer needs and requi rement for example when a woman would shop with her husband, her husband would get bored so a tool section was introduced for the comfort of the customers. The customer knows that the publication of the

Investigate an aspect of Western Society Term Paper

Investigate an aspect of Western Society - Term Paper Example There is a contradiction and conflict within ‘liberalism’ between those who maintain that less government and more freedom are the correct course of action, against those who think that the government ought to play a stronger role in areas such as the enforcement of equity or affirmative action. Therefore, while Liberalism can be said to be a core value in Western Civilization, it is also responsible for some of the most deeply embedded conflicts in the West too. It will be argued that the central conflict in liberalism, is the role of the state in individuals lives. It is difficult to pinpoint an absolute juncture for the origins for liberalism. However, it can be said that the origins of liberalism are inseparable from the beginning’s of the modern form of British Parliament. By this, what is referred to is the revolution in England in the mid to late sixteen hundred’s which culminated in 1688 [Walsh, 1997: 14]. During this revolution, what was fought ove r, was the fact that there was a growing number of bourgeoisie land owners, who could not gain representation in government. In short, this rising middle class contested to the government that as significant property holders they had a significant stake in the countries politics, and as such, they argued that Parliament should represent those who were not simply aristocrat’s, but any other land owner as well [Dickerson and Flanagan, 1994, p. 94]. Thus, liberalism is coextensive with democratic politics to some extent in its origins, and further, its origins can be found within those who fought for greater representation in the British Parliament in the Seventeenth century [Goodwin, 1992, p. 41]. What is important about the origins, is that it is essentially coextensive with market capitalism itself. The central protagonists in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century of liberalism, were figures such as John Stuart Mill and Adam Smith, and further, the American Fathers of the Constitution [Garry, 1992, p. 49]. Thus, although it can be said that liberals are interested in making changes within the system, and indeed, liberals have been key in various political reforms in almost all Western nations, it can also be said that the history of liberalism is a history that has little part in any attempt to actually change the system itself -- that is, market driven capitalism. This said, more must be said about both the history of liberalism on the one hand, and the central tenets of this political philosophy, or ‘ideology’, depending on whether one agrees with liberalism or not. As mentioned in the introduction, one of the key figures of liberalism is John Stuart Mill, who was a philosopher and also the son of a philosopher named James Mill, who was also a close friend of Jeremy Bentham. Mill’s central works were On Liberty, Utilitarianism and his major treatise on Political Economy. In many respects, Mill might be argued as a good e xemplar of modern or contemporary liberalism. By this, it is implied that he was interested in the following aspects which remain as general concerns. First, he maintained a certain primacy for individual freedom, and in particular, he thought that aspects like the absolute right to free speech was an unquestionable cornerstone of liberalism. At the same time that he expressed a concern for the lack of government restraint on the individual, he was also a champion of

Energy efficient refurbishment of industrial buildings Literature review

Energy efficient refurbishment of industrial buildings - Literature review Example This fact has important implications for energy usage as well as carbon dioxide emissions globally. An estimated 30% to 40% of all primary energy usage stems from building operation along with a large potential to reduce carbon dioxide emissions (Colmenar-Santos et al., 2013, p.66). In a similar manner, other research on the matter shows that buildings tend to consume 40% of the total energy being consumed globally along with 25% of the water and another 40% of other resources. Consequently, buildings are deemed responsible for about one third of all green house gas (GHG) emissions too (Katunsky et al., 2013, p.3). The rapid pace of industrialisation and the requirement for increased industrial buildings also tends to support the idea that building energy usage efficiency is a top priority issue. Projections on urbanisation depict that by 2050; around 67% of the global population will live in urban centres such that nations with the largest urban centres will display urbanisation rat es of up to 86%. It would then be reasonable to expect that industrial buildings and their demand for energy would only rise steeply with time (Adriaenssens et al., 2013, p.1945). The operation of buildings entails significant carbon dioxide emissions on account of inefficient insulation, heating and cooling mechanism as well as lighting applications and the use of appliances. It is estimated that more energy efficient buildings have the potential to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 3.7 giga tonnes every single year where the cost of one tonne of carbon dioxide emissions is an estimated 40 Euros (McKinsey, 2007, p.4). Other research also supports the idea that reduced heating demands, greater emphasis on renewable energy sources and bolstered efficiency of supply chain mechanisms allows for a reduction in the energy demands to operate buildings (Colmenar-Santos et al., 2013, p.66). Building heating requirements reappear repeatedly as a major consumer of energy and thus can be seen as impacting building energy usage significantly. In addition, building energy usage and its efficiency can be seen as dependant on other physical, climatic and human factors (Katunsky et al., 2013, p.3). While one perspective of looking at the problem tends to define energy usage efficiency as a key problem, other research suggests that the use of energy to cool and heat building interiors is unjustified. The use of mechanical heating and cooling measures for thermal comfort are being questioned as valid means to maintain human thermal comfort levels in buildings (Susanti et al., 2011, p.211). This does not imply that energy usage in buildings is unjustified outright, especially for regions with severe heat or cold climates, but rather that energy usage is unjustified for places where the climate can support a lack of heating and cooling requirements. It must also be noted that greener buildings are beginning to create greater commercial value, especially in terms of rent. Researc h indicates that commercial buildings with lower energy loads tend to command more rent than comparable commercial buildings with higher energy demands (Eicholtz et al., 2009, p.1). This literature review will look into already conducted research to find out the major uses for energy in industrial buildings, the various methods to reduce the consumption of energy in industrial buildings and to discover any research gaps in existing literature. Dissecting Energy Usage in Industrial Buildings In order to allow

Is unethical to lie during Negotiations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Is unethical to lie during Negotiations - Essay Example Considering the legal clauses and ethical considerations, there are many aspects that can be termed to be unethical but legal. For instance, if a broker states the history of a property only revealing its net worth, location and future value, and avoid describing the legal charges associated with the asset because the concerned party did not ask about it, it can be termed as unethical. However, this can be justified on the legal grounds. Therefore, in a few instances, such tactics can be legal as well as can be unethical, depending on the merit of the case and intentions. Being completely honest during negotiation, even after knowing the fact that it can earn lesser than what is expected, can never be naive. Revealing the entire truth during negotiation can often result in the cancellation of the deal with higher return. Despite such risk if a negotiator is revealing the entire truth being honest, it must be highly appreciated and respected. However, if the negotiator in this context expects that even after revealing the truth he will earn the deal without losing any bid, the act can be termed as naive. It is because in this case the negotiator is unable to forecast the risks associated with the ethical representation of the facts expecting irrational return. Considering these facts, I personally think that being completely honest while negotiating can be naive by no means when the associated risks are considered significantly. But, if due consideration is not provided to the risks associated with the decision of being completely honest; it can be stated as a naive act. In terms of legal code of conduct, the rule of negotiation can be stated as unique to an extent. But based on the ethical ground, the rules associated with negotiation are not quite unique. Lying during negotiations has frequently been identified in many instances which eradicates the chance to signify the practice

Coretta Scott King Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Coretta Scott King - Essay Example Discussion Coretta Scott King had worked most of her life for equal rights and peace among the mass. During the time when she was born, African Americans did not have the equivalent rights as other people had. The Scott family was also treated badly because they were African Americans3. The basic identity of Coretta Scott King had been shaped due to racism that she had to encounter in Alabama, in her formative years. She was by then a political activist before her marriage4. She had become a fervent follower of the left-wing Progressive Party, while breaching racial barriers at Antioch College as an undergraduate. Coretta Scott King was attracted to her future husband’s idealism after coming in the New England Conservatory, located in Boston in order to study music. Martin Luther’s rejection of the notion of â€Å"making all the money you can and ignoring people’s needs† had reinforced her own views. They married in the year 1953 and had moved to Alabama, where Dr. King became preacher of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church. All through the 1950s and 1960s, she escorted her husband in his campaign for civil rights5. Coretta King emerged as a public figure primarily after the assassination of her husband. She sought opportunities to express her irrepressible idealism. Coretta Scott King joined ‘Women’s Strike for Peace to the Disarmament Conference’ held in Switzerland, Geneva, during the early 1960s expressing her opposition to the Vietnam War several years before her husband was willing to take a public anti-war stand. Similar to her husband, she too viewed the civil rights struggle in the broader context of anti-colonial movements in Asia and Africa, in the United States. She along with her husband attended the independence ceremony of Ghana, i.e. Africa’s first black-ruled nation in the year of 1957. In 1959, the Kings travelled to India, where she sang spiritual songs at events in which her husband spoke. After the family moved to Atlanta in the year 1960, she appealed to John F. Kennedy thereby helping to achieve her husband’s discharge from a Georgia reformatory. Furthermore, in 1964, she attended the ceremony in Norway, Oslo for which Dr. King had received Nobel Peace Prize. During mid - 1960s, Coretta King’s association in the civil rights movement had augmented because she took part in ‘freedom concerts’ that encompassed singing, poetry recitation and lectures representing the record of the civil rights movement. The proceeds received were bequeathed to the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Before 1968, she also maintained speaking about the commitments that her husband could not accomplish6. Coretta, being the founding president of the King Center, not only campaigned assiduously to establish the national King Holiday but also revealed her magnanimous vision of universal peace as well as social righteousness. She had dynamically propagated her husband’s philosophy of nonviolence after his assassination7. She strongly assumed that death penalty continues the cycle of brutality and shatters all anticipations for a descent civilization. Few days after her husband’s assassination, in Memphis, she led a march on behalf of her husband for sanitation workers. In addition, she also launched the

Commentaries on Catullus Poetry (Poems 72 & 42) Essay Example for Free

Commentaries on Catullus Poetry (Poems 72 42) Essay There is great nuance and sensitivity in poem 72. We are told very early in the poem that it is addressed to Lesbia, Catullus love to whom a moderate number of poems in the collection are addressed (or concern). Earlier Lesbia poems had shown Catullus simple and insatiable love for my girl1 in very romantic language: for example, the lines describing the number of times he wished that they could kiss, in poem 5, which caused Aurelius and Furius to describe Catullus as a sissy poet2. However, in poem 70 we begin to see Catullus feelings for Lesbia turn sour as he tells us that a womans words to her lover are as trustworthy as those written on wind or water after presumably disbelieving her when she told him that there was no one she would rather marry than him, not even if asked by Jove himself3. If we assume that Lesbia was Clodia Metelli, we know that she was already married, so if her words are not suggesting that she has become available, she must be describing an unfulfillable wish and it is perhaps the fact that she says these words but is unable to act on her marriage vow which causes Catullus to be so untrusting4. Compared to the outbursts of joy and fury in the poems of what has been described as the first book, poem 72 is much cooler and more analytical5: Catullus here seems to be writing from his head rather than this heart. He uses, in the poem, two striking, and contrasting, similes to try to understand his love for Lesbia. He loved her (note the past tense) as a common might love his girlfriend (72.3), but in addition to that he loved her also as a father might his sons and sons-in-law (72.4). This is touching because it obviously implies that the latter relationship might be closer, with more of a connection, than the former, and, most importantly, that Lesbia was as dear to him as a son would have been, his own flesh and blood. Wray finds this comparison interesting because it is evidence against the long-standing assumption that Roman paternity was a tyrannical and grimly loveless exercise [of parental power]6 However, from here on in, the tone of love and affection darkens to one of cynicism. Now that he knows Lesbia he is has less affection for the woman. Catullus uses the language of obligation and Lesbia, as he sees it, has wronged him7. The poem ends with the enigmatic but powerful statement that, because of the hurt she has caused him, Catullus loves Lesbia more, but likes her less. At first, this may seem like nonsense and a contradiction in terms. However, when Catullus uses the verb amare (to love) he is describing his attraction to her, a kind of lust or natural allure, something that he seemingly has no control over. As much, then, as he does not like Lesbia for what she has put him through (i.e. her adultery), his love for her remains from the simpler time when he wished to kiss you just so many kisses (7.9) Poem 85 is where Catullus perhaps expresses the ambiguity and seeming contradiction inherent in his feelings best: I hate and I love. Perhaps youre asking why I do that? I dont know, but I feel it happening, and am racked. We can again see here clearly that Catullus is less a master than a subject8 of his emotions. The fact that he paints himself as being so emotionally powerless gives such poems as these a tragic quality; it also, arguably, helps to make Catullus such a universal poet who can still touch people through the ages. Poem 73 also carries some of the injustice that Catullus had expressed in 72: the attack on a friend who is probably Rufus (though we do not realise that the poem is addressed to him until it becomes evident later in the collection) is because he has returned honest kindness with no more than ingratitude. We now realise why the lampoons on Rufus alternated with Lesbia-poems at 69-72.9 This whole section of Catullus collection is a study of betrayal and adverse emotions. In the very first line of poem 72, Catullus talks about himself in the third-person, and this seems to be a literary device which emphasises the fact that he is not in control: it is Lesbia (and her actions) who is the subject of the poem. By declaring that his passion is more intense (72.5) Catullus leads us to think that he is about to, also, tell us how much he therefore loves Lesbia. However, by introducing the dichotomy in the last line between his love and dislike for Lesbia, our expectations are finally overthrown, which makes the contrast seem to be huge. It is by means of literary effects such as these that Catullus manages to express the almost inexpressible nuance of his emotion. This poem, ultimately, is most successful when read as part of the collection, as one can then draw links between the subtle issues in the Lesbia poems and see the complex web of emotions that Catullus paints for us. The development from a romantic, devoting relationship between Lesbia and Catullus to the trauma of that relationship breaking down is fascinating, and may reflect the emotions of millions of people alive today in similar situations. Poem XLII This poem is perhaps most interesting because it in itself can be seen as an imitation of the Roman practice of flagitatio10, which was a form of popular justice involving a crowd surrounding the man suspected of wrongdoing (or his house) whilst shouting roughly rhythmical phrases in unflattering language, demanding redress11. This was a very effective tactic because in a small community fear of defamation was strong; though it did, of course, rely on having friends willing to engage in the practice in order for what was seen as justice to be done. In this case, Catullus tells us that the crime was the theft of a notebook and the subsequent refusal to return it12. We can only speculate about the girl who stole them (though it has been inferred from the fact that she is described as an adulteress13 that she may well be Lesbia) and we also have just as little knowledge about what Catullus stolen notebook may have contained (and why it seems to be so precious to him): we may guess that it contained poetry, but that is no more than a guess. If that were true, the first two lines would contain a sweet irony: Catullus deploys poetry himself, hendecasyllables, as his flagitatio mob. He orders the hendecasyllables to come from everywhere (42.2), to metaphorically surround her. The image is an intimidating one: the lines of poetry have become men enclosing in on the suspect, shouting about her crime. When Catullus demands, Dirty adulteress, give back the notebook. Give back the notebook, dirty adulteress (42.11-12), he is using a technique common to flagitatio: the reversal of word order belonged to a very old popular custom as a means of intensifying the demand14. Catullus readership, we can surely assume, would have been aware of such devices and would at once have understood what Catullus was doing. Between the demands for the notebook, there is much invective and abuse hurled at the girl. Catullus tells us that she has an ugly gait, a face like a Gallican puppys (42.9) and is a filthy trollop (42.13) and a brazen bitch-face (42.17). Newman describes this as a fine example of carnival caricature included for primarily humorous effect15. However, it is not hard to see how these lines could be intended to have a hurtful effect, too, shaming the thief into repentance. Catullus is also all too aware of his social superiority10 and may simply be arrogantly showing his self-importance by making such a fuss over the loss of his notebook. This idea can be seen in, for example, poem 84, in which Catullus mocks Arrius incorrect use of aspirates which is surely caused by the politicians less privileged upbringing: Catullus attack, in this case as could be argued is the case in poem 42, is really then a display of his own aristocratic superiority. There is also a general link with poems such as 46, in which Catullus advertises his social status by documenting his travels with a sense of entitlement to faraway Roman lands. Perhaps the most pleasing feature of this poem is its conclusion. After all the fortissimo shouting, invective and carmina (chanting typical of flagitatio16), Catullus decides that he needs to change tone and tactics (42.22). He thus, seemingly sarcastically, ends the poem by asking for the notebook not by calling her a dirty adulteress but a virtuous lady (42.24), as we see that his invective has, somewhat comically, failed in its objective. On the other hand, the last line could more literally be interpreted as an acknowledgement of the flaws of this kind of public system of obtaining restitution. It does not seem unlikely that the girl would have responded more positively to flattery than flagitatio: Catullus could thus be making a wider point about the role of invective in society. The poem, in the collection, sits between invective poems on either side of it, with the previous three poems containing invective, some quite rude and obscene: in poem 43, for example, Mamurras mistress is described as being ugly from head to toe and, in poem 41, Ameana is called the female fuck-up. Perhaps, then, poem 42 is in the perfect location to show Catullus invective being tempered: it is in that poem that he shows that such anger does not always produce the desired effects. In poems 41 and 43, however, we are not shown any consequences of Catullus airing his opinions. We are simply told, in each, that there is an ugly girl in whom he is not interested: there is not intended to be the nuance and comedy value that poem 42 contains. To conclude, Catullus adopting the form of flagitatio for this poem underscores the poets association with the traditional purposes and values inherent in Roman invective17; not only does he derive authority from the tradition of the technique, but it also allows him to attack her harshly and eloquently. However, ultimately, he couldnt force a blush from, in Catullus words, the brazen bitch-face. We, therefore, see the limitations of invective: perhaps Catullus is admitting to us that we should see it as little more than entertainment. More importantly, though, the twist at the end of the poem is of stylistic and comedic value and can, perhaps, be said to show Catullus eloquence. Moreover, the fact that he feels no qualms at using such openly offensive language can be attributed to the fact that Romans would surely have sympathised with his demands for justice in face of a thief and may, also, be a reflection of his superior social status (not to mention the lower regard with which women were held generally) and consequent security in his right to show his anger in whatever way that he pleased. Ultimately, the poem makes character assassination into an appealing and technically adept art. Bibliography Dyson, J.T. (2007). The Lesbia Poems, in M.B. Skinner (ed.), A Companion to Catullus (Oxford) 254-275. Fitzgerald, W. (1999). Catullan Provocations: Lyric Poetry and the Drama of Position. London. Fraenkel, E. (1961). Catullus XLII, in J.H. Gaisser (ed.), Oxford Readings in Classical Studies: Catullus (Oxford) 356-368. Newman, J.K. (1990). Roman Catullus. Bodenheim. Selden, D.L. (1992). Catullus and the Rhetoric of Performance, in J.H. Gaisser (ed.), Oxford Readings in Classical Studies: Catullus (Oxford) 490-559. Tatum, W.J. (2007). Social Commentary and Political Invective, in M.B. Skinner, A Companion to Catullus (Oxford) 333-354. Wiseman, T.P. (1985). Catullus and his World: A Reappraisal. Cambridge. Wray, D. (2001). Catullus and the Poetics of Roman Manhood. Cambridge. 1 Catullus 2.1. 2 cf. Catullus 16. 3 Catullus 70.2. 4 Dyson (2007) 269. 5 Wiseman (1985) 166. 6 Wray (2001) 112. 7 Fitzgerald (1999) 117. 8 Selden (1992) 541. 9 Wiseman (1985) 167. 10 Fitzgerald (1999) 62. 11 Fraenkel (1961) 364. 12 Catullus 42.4 (refuses to give me our notebook back). 13 Catullus 42.12 14 Fraenkel (1961) 363. 15 Newman (1990) 192. 16 Fraenkel (1961) 364. 17 Tatum (2007) 337.

Place of Consumerism in New Middle Classes

Place of Consumerism in New Middle Classes What is the place of Consumerism in the lifestyle of emergent new middle classes in Ireland? Basically an application of a Bourdieu/ Featherstone argument about new middle classes to the Irish case. Chapter One: Introduction In order to examine the place of Consumerism in the lifestyle of emergent new middle classes in Ireland, the ideas of ‘Consumerism’, ‘lifestyle’ and ‘emergent new middle classes’ must first be defined. Accordingly these definitions will occupy the preliminary discussions of this thesis in the relevant sections. The thesis will examine the role of emergent middle classes, and will attempt to tie this discussion to analysis of how and why demographic trends such as the emergence of new middle classes have evolved, and what place Consumerism has in the lifestyles of those individuals within these new demographic cleavages. Economic events and socio-economic developments (both historical and contemporary) linked to these events have been the main precipitative forces responsible for these emergent sociological contours[i]. The economic and socio-economic climate in Ireland and how this has developed will therefore be a centre point in examining the role of emergent new middle classes and how Consumerism has impacted the role and lifestyle of these sectors. These ideas will be introduced in the literature review and they will be fleshed out throughout the thesis in order to gain a holistic and comprehensive insight into the place of Consumerism in the lifestyle of emergent new middle classes in Ireland. This analysis will be contextualised with reference to the theories of Bourdieu (1979) and Featherstone (1992) whose cultural perspectives on society have mainly rationalised Consumerism in terms of subjectivity and individual perceptions; therefore repudiating the idea that Consumerism is simply an objective, independent market force which operates within neo-classical[ii] and laissez-faire[iii] boundaries. Images of Irish society will be very important in this thesis and the images/themes which will be examined throughout the thesis to facilitate this discussion of Consumerism are images of secularisation, images of Class Dealignment, images connected with the Celtic Tiger and the process of diversification. The next section will examine the methodology of the thesis. This will link the above mentioned theoretical definitions, arguments and analysis into the wider empirical and qualitative aims of the thesis. The chosen methodology is discourse analysis, and turning to a discussion of the definition of what exactly this is, is a natural progression. Accordingly, this discussion of definition will follow in the next section. The next section will also introduce the methodological framework of the thesis. It will define the various applications and forms of discourse analysis and it will explain how these will be considered throughout the thesis. Chapter Two Methodology: Discourse Analysis This thesis will rely primarily upon empirical evidence gathered through discourse analysis. The writer has selected a number of cultural themes from selected publications and these will be examined empirically and through discourse analysis. These are diversification[iv] (both political and cultural), images of Class Dealignment, images of secularised society and the imputations which arise from the phrase ‘Celtic Tiger[v]’. These will be looked at in depth as the thesis progresses, and will be placed within the context of wider themes of economic, political and socio-economic factors which the writer will also examine in terms of broad and contextual discourse analysis. Discourse analysis is an interdisciplinary[vi] method of analysing sociological trends[vii] through the analysis of language[viii] and speech[ix], and how political ideas are disseminated through language[x]. This method will be used throughout the dissertation as a means of analysing the place of Consumerism in the lifestyle of emergent middle classes. Discourse analysis has been differentiated and divided into niche areas in terms of its application. For example, discourse analysis may be used on a micro scale which would involve minute analysis of grammatical structure[xi], language and the composition[xii] of language[xiii]. This is not a method which will be concentrated upon in this thesis, as the more expansive niches within discourse analysis, which concentrates upon context[xiv] and cultural, political and other sociological forces are more appropriate ways to analyse the question title. This is because the concentration of discourse analysis in terms of wider context[xv] and a focus on specifically identified themes rather than minute form[xvi] and constructions[xvii] gives the writer a lot more room to analyse political, cultural, sociological, demographic and economic trends, which is the ultimate goal of this thesis enquiry. Chimombo, M. and Roseberry, R. (1998) give us the following in depth definition of discourse analysis: ‘Discourse is a process resulting in a communicative act. The communicative act itself takes the form of a text. A text is commonly thought of as consisting of written or printed words on a page; but a text may also consist of sign language or spoken words, or it may comprise only the thoughts of a writer, or speaker, on the one hand, or a reader or listener, on the other. In addition to words, a text may consist of other symbols, sounds, gestures, or silences, in any combination that is intended to communicate information such as ideas, emotional states, and attitudes. It may fail to communicate, but if the intention to communicate is clearly there, it must be regarded as a text†¦..[xviii]’. Chimombo, M. and Roseberry, R. (1998) then go on explain how this abstract definition applies within the context of methodology: ‘Analysis of discourse is a methodology for examining texts and the communicative process that gives rise to them. Its primary purpose is to enable discourse analysts to gain a deeper understanding and appreciation of texts. Because most texts are goal oriented, part of the purpose of discourse analysis is to enable people to recognize the intended goal of the writer or speaker and thus achieve some measure of control over the discourse†¦..The understanding that may be gained in this way helps to equalize the power relationship and enables an escape from the role of victim such that individuals may assume a greater degree of control over their lives. This book demonstrates that discourse is typically used to a greater or lesser degree for exploitation. Different types of discourse are intended to exploit consumers, voters, employees, children, women, minorities, and many other groups within society. An ability to analyze discourse offers such groups a means of protectionâ € ¦.[xix]’. A discourse is therefore an amalgam of perspective. These perspectives are often political, economic or ideological in nature, since the articulation of a perspective through discourse is often underpinned by struggles for political power and influence[xx]. This in turn imputes that a discourse has a special connection with politics and with economics and that cultural discourses have often been appended to these primary discourses. Chimombo, M. and Roseberry, R. (1998) make this point very strongly in the following passage: ‘†¦.The term control implies a power relationship between those who produce texts and those for whom these texts are intended. For example, politicians, lawyers, doctors, advertisers, business executives, teachers, and many others exercise power over their clients through the discourse that is characteristic of these professionals. Analysis of professional discourse can reveal these power relationships and the goals that may be hidden in them. †¦.[xxi]’. Cultural discourses may also be seen as having evolved indirectly from political, economic and ideological discourses[xxii]. A cultural discourse may therefore be rationalised as secondary in many ways to a political/ideological and to an economic discourse. However, it is important to understand that cultural discourses often exist within the framework of these arguably more primary discourses[xxiii]. Also, one must remember that an analysis of cultural discourse, without an adequate analysis of the wider context of the discourse and its relationship with other discourses will not be a credible analysis. The writer’s regard for a cultural discourse as a secondary discourse is an explanation of how cultural discourse has evolved; it is not intended to demarcate cultural discourse as less relevant than political, economic or ideological discourse. Clearly, cultural discourses have qualified and enriched these wider, politically tuned discourses and this in itself is a unique an d powerful mechanism of change. This explains the central nature of wider political discourse analysis in this thesis and it also explains why Fairclough (1995) [xxiv] in particular has argued that discourse analysis centres on the interpretation of political and ideological discourses. It is important to remember however that cultural discourse analysis is intertwined with these primary discourses in a subtle but imperative way. The following chapters will deal with definitions of lifestyle and consumerism. They will also introduce a general discourse analysis which will centre on the selected themes mentioned above and how they ultimately relate to politics, economics, and the demographic and sociological trends which have been emerging in Ireland over the last twenty years[xxv]. The concept of emergent middle classes will be defined in the following chapters also and this definition will lead into a broad and contextual discourse analysis of how middle classes emerged in Ireland. The effects of this emergence will be discussed, but all of these threads of analysis will ultimately be drawn together to look at the place of Consumerism in the lifestyle of emergent new middle classes in Ireland, and the arguments that have been made in this area by Bourdieu (1979) and Featherstone (1992). Chapter Three: Literature Review: What is ‘Consumerism’? Clarke (2003) gives us the following definition and explanation of Consumerism within the context of culture: ‘†¦.Bauman (1992c, 24) reflects that the strange dialectic of dependence and autonomy between consumer and consumer society is indeed not unlike that of the grammar and vocabulary of language and formed sentences of speech: the latter are in no way determined by the former and move freely within the frame it provides. The practice of consumption amounts, in other words, to an act of enunciation, which takes place in a space filled with unattached signifiers †¦ a space awaiting attribution of meaning (ibid.). The consumer is in no way manipulated, nor consumer behaviour determined, even though the consumer is formally deprived of autonomy in all forms but the duplicitous form of freedom of choice. The proliferation of relations of trust, the reliance on specialist knowledge and expertise, and the privatization of the task of constructing some form of continuity of life-experience are unavoidable features of life in a consumer society. But consumers are nonetheless in a position to make of their situation something other than what is intended. The problem, however, is that, as an act through which the presence of the individual †¦ can be confirmed and reasserted (ibid.), consumption and the relations of trust it entails provides an opportunistic means for the perpetuation and dramatic expansion of capitalism.†¦.[xxvi]’. Therefore, as has been argued above, Consumerism is a term which describes the links between happiness, material goods/possessions and humans[xxvii]. It can be argued that Consumerism refers to the idea that material goods and possessions induce feelings of happiness and accordingly all behaviours which may be linked to the endorsement of this rationale may also be described as Consumerism[xxviii]. Consumerism is an idea which was considered by Karl Marx[xxix], whose famous critique of Consumerism and capitalist ideology (Communism[xxx]) interpreted ideas of Consumerism as immoral and subversive[xxxi]. In modern terms Socialism rejects ideas related to Consumerism in a more moderate way, but the premise upon which Socialism is built mirrors Communism in its suspicion of Consumerism[xxxii]. Consumerism may also be described in terms of economic behaviour and policy. If one considers Consumerism in an abstract manner, it is possible to argue that the freedom of individuals to choose how to spend money/dissipate resources manifests itself as Consumerism, since the marketing of goods to a consumer encourages them to exercise their freedom to choose what to purchase. Clarke (2003) has noted that this is an ongoing and repetitive process: ‘The act of consumption is destined to repeat itself, since the human subject is irresistibly compelled to seek a unity and coherence it can never know†¦[xxxiii]’. Ideas relating to Consumerism have traditionally been associated with Western societies and have also been particularly synonymous with neo-liberal capitalism. However, it may be argued that with the growing influence of globalisation and technological advancements, the impact of Consumerism is a global one as opposed to the more traditional interpretation of Consumerism as being tied particularly to certain cultures, more so than to others. Ultimately, however, Consumerism is connected to the ideas of human rationality, freedom and choice and has evolved as a means whereby human wants are satisfied. Accordingly, Consumerism may also be seen as a sociological force since, the recognition of social standings within society can be defined in many ways according to material wealth and the accumulation of material possessions. Consumerism is a complex idea which may be interpreted objectively as well as subjectively. This characteristic of Consumerism has invited the levels of cultural, sociological and economic analysis which the theory of Consumerism seems to have attracted. Therefore, the evolution of Consumerism and the various interpretations of the current status of Consumerism will be relevant to this thesis. Consumerism; its construction and its manifestation can be seen to oscillate with cultural mores and the development of society. This is how Consumerism may also be seen as an evolving social construct. Certainly Bourdieu (1979), Lash and Urry (1994) as well as Baudrillard (1993) consider Consumerism as a malleable social construct[xxxiv], which has developed mostly as a result of the growing economic affluence[xxxv] which may be seen in Ireland[xxxvi]. Their views are that class is demarcated in terms of taste, culture and lifestyle[xxxvii], whereas historically this demarcation was less obvious since economic limitations precluded individuals from expressing taste, culture and lifestyle in the diverse ways that are possible today. Their analysis goes on to argue that Consumerism is the vehicle through which this transition has taken effect, since diversities in taste, culture and lifestyle have largely been introduced through the marketing of Consumerism and consumerist values. Therefore the accessibility of diversity to individuals has increased as economic conditions and Consumerism have delivered more choice to the individual. Emergent New Middle Classes ‘Middle classes’ is a somewhat overused term. It has historically been used to differentiate the economically disadvantaged within society from those whose incomes and resources provide them with enough money to live independently and relatively affluently within society, generally occupying the middle ground between rich and poor within society. The emergent new middle classes that are referred to in the scope of this thesis can be recognised as the product of an increasingly affluent society within Ireland[xxxviii], emerging as more individuals benefit from the higher standards of living that may be seen as a result of what is colloquially known as the Celtic Tiger[xxxix]. Cronin (2000) has an analysis of individual cultural consciousness which allows us to interpret the emergence of middle classes in a purely cultural and subjective context. He argues: ‘Diprose (1994) states that the Lockean model defines the individual as an entity which maintains the same consciousness over time and through corporeal changes, for example illness or pregnancy, thus giving primacy to the mind or consciousness over the body. Further more, the individual is defined as having identical self-presence in which, an entity is identical with itself if it has the same origin in time and space (Diprose 1994:9). So the individuation necessary for the processes of mutual recognition to occur requires a temporally bounded entity. Simultaneously, the individual is spatially bounded through the distinction between self and not-self which is produced in that same process of recognition. Here arises the constitutive contradiction of contract, identical self-presence and exchange: in these political fictions, the individual is said to have a self-contained identity prior to contract or relations with others (Diprose 1994). Patemans (1988) analysis of the contr adictory production of womens and subordinate groups status in contract echoes this tension. For the processes of contractual exchange to occur, an individual must recognise another as an individual. The characteristics that this requires are rationality and the possession of property†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦[xl]’. Therefore, it is arguable that the emergence of new cleavages of middle classes in Ireland has arisen both through a combination of objective, market forces combined with the forces which drive individual self-perception and this in turn drives an individual to represent themselves and ultimately project this representation. Chapter Four: Discourse Analysis of Economic Growth in Ireland The development of the economy in Ireland[xli] has created unprecedented[xlii] levels of wealth[xliii] and affluence[xliv] within Ireland[1]. Accordingly this section will specifically examine the nature and underpinnings of economic progress in Ireland as this has largely given rise to[xlv] and sustained[xlvi] emergent new middle classes as the Consumerism which has evolved alongside these sectors. Economic growth in Ireland may be explained in terms of ideological transition[xlvii], the influence of the European Community[xlviii] and the influence of political leaders[xlix] throughout this period of economic transition[l]. Macro economic convergence theories[li] may also help explain the shifts in economic conditions seen in Ireland[lii]. These factors are given more in depth analysis below. The decline of state interventionism and state protectionism[liii] in Ireland led to palpable ideological shifts within the country[liv]. In an international setting, the ideological foundations of the welfare state[lv] were being replaced with more modern neo-liberal[2] conceptions of political philosophy[lvi]. This trend was particularly notable in Britain with the election of Margaret Thatcher and her subsequent repudiation of Keynes’ economic[lvii] theory[lviii]. These ideological shifts, which influenced Ireland[lix], (although not until many years later) partly laid the foundations for the economic revolution[lx] which was to come about in the mid-nineties[lxi]. Charles Haughey who had been in power periodically since 1979, was re-elected Taoiseach in 1987, during a deep economic recession[lxii]. Haughey’s predecessor in 1987 was G. Fitzgerald. These two individuals are widely recognised as having laid the foundations for economic stability in the Republic of Ireland, with a recognition that taxation needed to be reorganised to stimulate economic enterprise and growth. Consequently, under Haughey public spending was decreased and spending on public sector employment and bureaucracy was also reduced[lxiii]. This produced a dividend in the form of economic stability, lower levels of inflation and relatively rejuvenated economic growth. Again this affected employment conditions, reducing unemployment and creating the conditions for investment in enterprise. Tax cuts were then directed at the manufacturing industries[lxiv], and later tax breaks for particular sectors of industry augmented these economic dividends in the form of a stimulat ed economy and greater levels of employment. These economic conditions led to a reduced reliance on agricultural enterprise[lxv] and this is known as ‘economic diversification’[lxvi]. The relationship between Ireland and the European Community and Ireland’s accession to the European Community in the early 1970s marked a high point politically[lxvii], culturally and economically[lxviii] for Ireland[lxix]. However, the influence of the European Community on the situation of Ireland is a controversial area of debate at the moment[lxx]. Some have argued that the influence of the European Union has been instrumental in the growth of Ireland’s economy[lxxi], whereas conversely there are arguments which suggest that the role of the European Community has been over stated, misunderstood and even misrepresented[lxxii]. Both propositions will be considered by the writer in following sections. The theory that Ireland prospered due to entry to the European Community has been critiqued as a facile theory[lxxiii] and this argument may be seen as even more cogent given that Powell (2003) has argued that if Ireland had prospered due to entry to the European Community, then the effects of EC investment would be identifiable and tangible. The reality is that European investment in Ireland produced some economic benefits, but the prosperity which Ireland enjoyed was precipitated by a plethora of events and shifts, which cumulatively produced the effects known as the Celtic Tiger[lxxiv]. One such shift is known as the convergence theory and economic growth in Ireland has been rationalised in terms of the convergence theory in the following way. This theory suggests that the ‘Celtic Tiger’ was not precipitated by circumstances, affiliations (in particular to the European Community) or events, but rather by the operation of a group of economic forces which argues that over time similar countries with similar institutions tend to perform economically in a congruous way. In this sense, the Celtic Tiger has been rationalised as a convergence as opposed to a phenomenon. Historically, this theory is plausible, as Ireland was dogged by recession in spite of entry into the EEC in 1973, under the tenure of Jack Lynch[lxxv]. This recession continued until the advent of Charles Haughey, and G. Fitzgerald who addressed the failing tax system in the Republic of Ireland[lxxvi]. The conception of taxation had been fundamentally challenged and revised in Ireland over the last twenty years[lxxvii]. This shift led to the realisation of the above mentioned ideological ideas substantively and not just rhetorically. The mid eighties in Ireland was a period characterised by high taxation and low employment[lxxviii]. Taxation was regarded as a method of bolstering the economy[lxxix] This had an adverse effect of investment, thwarted business and led to high levels of unemployment[lxxx]. In many ways this is what thwarted the progress of the economy, forcing class alignment along economic lines. Powell (2003) has argued that just prior to the millennium GDP in Ireland was $25,500 per capita, whereas in Britain this figure was approximately $23,000 per capita. This can be contrasted with the fact that in the late 1980s GDP per capita in Ireland was only approximately 65%, that of the UK GDP per capita[lxxxi]. This economic revolution has been referred to in colloquial and cultural terms as the growth of the ‘Celtic Tiger’. The use of the term Celtic Tiger is of great significance and it may be rationalised in terms of cultural symbolism in the following way: ‘Human encounter with the world has always been a profoundly enigmatic affair. Traditionally, human societies attained a measure of ontological security from social arrangements that accepted the fundamental ambivalence of the world (Giddens 1990; 1994). Because traditional modes of existence were symbolically tied to the world of appearances, such societies were able to employ well established, ritualized ways and means of being-in-the-world†¦[lxxxii]’. The effects of cultural symbolism may be further delved into through examining this explanation of existence and illusions which are imparted through the ‘appearance of things’: ‘The continuity of such an existence was assured by the experience of tradition alone, and legitimated by forces beyond human powers. Nature †¦ in the infinite detail of its illusory manifestations †¦ was conceived above all as the work of hidden wills (Bloch 1962, 83). This world of illusion amounted, in other words, to an acceptance of the illusion of the world (the term illusion is apt not in the sense of its power to fool you, but in its power to put something into play, to create something: scene, space, a game, a rule of the game to invent, in fact, the mode of appearance of things (Baudrillard 1993b, 59-60)). Modernity, in stark contrast, was founded firmly on the disavowal of the fact that ambivalence is inevitable; that appearances are intrinsically deceptive. Modernity was founded on a commitment to the reality of the world (Bauman 1991). Modernity thus held out the dream of an attainable order. And order, as the promise of the removal of ambivalence and co ntingency from the world, necessarily cast contingency as a threat, and demonized ambivalence. This was, of course, a complex and multifaceted affair. It involved, for instance, a transformation of time, as time became the property of man (Le Goff 1980, 51)†¦[lxxxiii]’. Therefore the concept of a tiger married to the concept of ‘Celtic’ and Celticness[lxxxiv] conveys, in metaphorical terms the speed and the pervasiveness of the new found wealth which swept through Ireland in the mid nineties, changing and fuelling market forces such as Consumerism. This terminology[lxxxv] is relevant in cultural terms since it conveys the prosperity which pervaded Ireland during this period, and continues to drive the Irish economy as one of the wealthiest countries in the European Union[lxxxvi]. This led to a dramatic shift in cultural mores and led to a redefining of class boundaries. The term ‘Celtic Tiger’ also cast Ireland in an advantageous light internationally, advertising the economic growth and success which the country was experiencing. This attracted foreign investment interest and raised the profile of Ireland internationally, as well as serving to extricate Ireland from the damaging and often distorted image of a country dependent on EEC funding and support. Demographically, the influence of economic forces was also dramatic and widespread. More people were in employment in Ireland and this led to a surge in industry, investment and enterprise[lxxxvii]. The tourist and the service sector industries surged forward economically, changing the sociological and cultural contours of the Republic of Ireland. Small businesses expanded and more people built hotels, shops, restaurants and food outlets[lxxxviii]. This impacted upon the tourist industry which thrived as more people were attracted to visiting locations within Ireland that were more accessible and inviting[lxxxix]. This trend too had a knock on effect with more leisure facilities being built, and a general emphasis on regenerating services and facilities in the interests of attracting tourists

how climate change affects MISC Berhad

how climate change affects MISC Berhad The aim of this report is to identify the effects of climate change towards MISC Berhad. MISC berhad is a company renowned for its shipping services throughout the world. As one of the biggest firms in Malaysia, MISC has a reputation to maintain as not only as one of the longest shipping companies established, but also one of the largest shipping company in the world. Without a doubt, climate is a crucial issue in the present and also the upcoming future. Due to the effects of climate change, mankind itself is at risk to hazardous and even fatal threats. The world has come united to find ways to reduce emissions of developed or developing countries to the minimal as possible, like in the Copenhagen Summit. None the less, Malaysia took minor but meaningful steps like the no plastic bag days in selected states in the country. The four bottom lines were used to evaluate the performance of MISC Berhad. To counter the ever changing needs, MISC Berhad implements economic and financial bottom line, social, environmental and corporate governance bottom line to fill the needs and ensure its survival in the industry. Through group brainstorming, it would be assumed that MISC Berhad would be affected by climate change in various aspects. Pressure from external forces, a decrease in total sales, delay of shipping time, the well-being of employees on board the ship and an increment in cost are problems the company would face through climate change. The problems would be ranked through K.T. Situational Appraisal which would in turn result in knowing the main problem, which in this case is the pressure from external forces. The the duncker diagram, KT Problem Analysis and Decision Analysis was then prepared in accordance to the main problem. As the climate differs from time to time, MISC Berhad would need to prepare itself for the threats faced and ensure that problems would be of minimal impact to the company. MISC Berhad would need to eradicate the pressure from external forces to keep a good reputation in hand. The company would report its status to the stakeholders on a timely basis and make necessary amendments to the company to further enhance its performance. The company should also practice environmental friendly activities within the company and not only reduce its carbon footprint of its operations.The report also further discusses some solutions to the main problem face by MISC berhad, where MISC Berhad should negotiate with the WWF and other environmentalist organizations to reach an applicable and practical solution to the carbon footprint left by the company to mother earth. Table of Contents Topic Introduction 1.1 Bottom lines a. Economic and Financial b. Social c. Environmental d. Corporate Governance Background Issues Problem Statement and Ranking Selection Solutions Rationale Recommendation Conclusion References Appendices 1.0 Introduction The idea of this report is to study how climate change is impacting on MISC Berhad and how MISC Berhad is responding to the changes. MISC Berhad was integrated in 1968 as Malaysia International Shipping Corporation Berhad and is the top international shipping line of Malaysia (MISC Berhad 2010. It is currently the third largest shipping corporation in the world by market capitalization (MISC Berhad 2010). From being merely a shipping line in 1968, MISC has become a fully integrated maritime, offshore floating solutions, heavy engineering and logistics services provider (MISC Berhad 2010). Now, with a modern and well-diversified task force, MISC provides steadfast, safe, well-organized and competitive shipping services both locally and internationally. MISCs vision is to be a global champion in the provision of logistics services and supply chain solutions (2004 MISC Integrated Logistics Sdn Bhd). In addition, its goal is to entirely service its customers global oil transport requirem ents. Lately climate change has taken a first-time turn in the recent past. Global warming has caused climate change due to the increase of average earth temperature in accordance of what is known as the greenhouse effect. As the greenhouse gases accumulate in the atmosphere the Earth gets hotter (Young People Trust for the Environment). In addition to that, Televisions, lights and computers use electricity that is created mainly from burning coal. Every time we switch on a light we are adding to the greenhouse effect (Young People Trust for the Environment). Due to the climate change, protecting the environment in which the ships operate is vital. The company are conducting tests for use of a new hull coating system to reduce emissions that will pollute the environment (Impressions of AET 2009). Oil spill training was organised to aware them of the oil spill awareness. 1.1 Bottom Line a. Economic and Financial MISC berhad reports its companys cash flow and financial statuses through a series of statements which are available in the annual report. The company recorded an operating profit of RM1, 914.4 million from RM2, 585.7 from year of 2008. Data shows that the company suffered a reduction in profit of RM671.3 million which is equivalent to 26% against the profit of year 2008. MISC berhad reports that this loss was mainly caused by the loss in the Integrated Linear Logistics segment (MISC Annual Report 2009). MISC would be affected economically and financially by climate change as MISC is a shipping company and serious weather alterations would greatly impact on shipping schedule and arrival of shipments. Customers of MISC would be in risk of having important deliveries arriving on a delayed period where not only would MISC suffer a loss of profit, but also the customer would be losing valuable resources which are in need. Consumers of MISC`s services would have unsatisfactorily deny usage of the company`s service as due to climate change, consumers would rather use companies of nearer distance or even opt to pay more for on time deliveries. MISC might lose credible customers and thus be reduced of profit to the company. Knowing the risks involved in the climate changes occurring, MISC can opt for the transporting vehicles used to be upgraded to a faster speed to reduce travelling period. MISC can also consider using eco-friendly upgrading to further ensure reduced problems in the future as the transportation used by the company consumes a high capacity of fuel which will in turn harm the environment. b. Corporate Social Responsibility The social bottom line pays concern on the effects of every action taken by a company towards the society welfare (Elkington 2005). CSR is about the interaction of the corporation with the legal and social obligations of the societies in which it operates, and how it accounts for those obligations (WBCFD 2010). MISC had built the youth development which focuses on education that related to their core business and personal development. Moreover, MISC had built a maritime training academy which is known as Akademi Laut Malaysia (ALAM) to ensure that youth have the skilled and competent personnel as well as to stay on course towards becoming a leading maritime nation. Furthermore, MISC also provided sponsorship for students to further their education for both locally or overseas. Consequently, MISC are also caring for their corporate citizen as to create avenue for their personnel. c. Environmental d. Corporate Governance The Board of Directors of MISC Berhad is devoted in ensuring the highest standards of corporate governance are practise throughout the MISC Berhad Group (MISC Berhad Annual Report 2009). The Board fully supports the principles of Corporate Governance as laid down in the Malaysian Code of Corporate Governance. Corporate Governance is the key to achieve competent and high quality shipping operations that delivers quality to customers and stakeholders (MISC Berhad Annual Report 2009). The Board of Directors of public listed companies are required to maintain a sound system of internal control to safeguard shareholders investment and the Groups assets (MISC Berhad Annual Report 2009). Additionally, the company is coping with low global demand and reductions in trade volume (MISC Berhad Annual Report 2009). They will find out new value-added services and realign its business strategies in the non-energy section to improve its position in the coming year (Impressions of AET 2009). The business keeps its shareholders and other stakeholders informed of its decision making process by defining risk parameters and standards guided by the corporate objective (Impressions of AET 2009). This is to maximise long term shareholders value at the same time as meeting the needs of the customers, employees and all related stakeholders. 2.0 Background Issues The main issue discuss by our group is the pressure from the external force followed by less profit generated due to decrease in sales and shipping time delayed. The green organizations are established to give limits and encourage companies to reduce their emissions that can harm the environment. Thus, this is one of the pressures from the external force that can be able to influence the customers perspectives. For example, WWF will notify the company to reduce shipping activities due to the emission of CO2 and if no action is taken, the company would face serious hardship. As the world is working towards saving the environment, there will fewer purchases on petroleum, coal that will harm the environment. If certain companies would want to save the environment and prevent less of climate change that drastic, this will affect MISCs sales too. This will cause a fall in the number of sales. Thirdly, the shipping time to reach its destination might be delayed. The melting of polar ice causes sea level rises which makes more difficult for the ship to harbor. The company might want to be prepared for the extreme and highly variable environmental conditions, principally in the Southern Ocean, for example (Impacts of Climate Change on the Maritime Industry Conference 2008). 3.0 Problem Statement Ranking Solution According to the K.T situational appraisal (Appendix 1), it ranks the problem by their importance (Fogler LeBlanc 2008). In this case, the top ranked issue of climate change that affect MISC is the pressure from external force such as WWF and IMO. According to WWF Malaysia (2010), they recognises that the role of Business and Industry (BI) as catalysts to reduce the CO2 emission and may at best become part of the solution to CO2 reduction. Therefore, this will directly affected the MISC as WWF aims to engage with BI in working towards changing practices as a solution to climate change. For IMO (2009), work on prevention of air pollution and control of greenhouse gas emissions from ship engaged in international trade is their main objective. Secondly, the issue for MISC would be the sales decreased. This is due to the production of petroleum and chemical is the cause of climate changed, thus it will force to reduce the production and directly affected the sales of MISC. Moreover, the third ranked problem is the shipping time delayed as the sea level had increase due to the ice melting in the North Pole lead vessel difficult to anchor safely. The forth ranked issue is the safety of employees as the natural disaster could cause in danger situation during shipping time. Lastly, the fifth ranked problem for MISC is the cost increased as they need to build more advances mechanism for their ships that has clean emission. K.T. Problem Analysis (Appendix 2) is one of the most useful tools in troubleshooting an operation (Fogler LeBlanc 2008). The major problem is the pressure from external force but is not from the internal force. The distinction is the WWF put pressure on MISC as the emission from shipping caused air pollution which is the WWFs concern. The problem occurred globally but not only happened in Malaysia. The reason is the emission of CO2 is not confined by territorial borders but in the atmosphere. The problem occurs when shipping activities are operating on the ocean but not anchor on the harbour. However, shipping activities is the main business for MISC. The extent of the problem is the related to the business field which produce CO2 lead global warming but not the business field that doesnt affect the climate change. The distinction is able to track and control the amount of CO2 that emitted. From the Duncker diagram (Appendix 3), the top problem for MISC is the pressure from external forces. If okay to solve the problem, the solution would be the try to fulfil WWFs concern by reducing the shipping activities. Besides that, it can negotiate with the external force which is to make agreement with the IMO or WWF. Moreover, MISC can change the major transportation from shipping to submarine or airplane. On the other hand, if it is not okay to solve the problem, the solution can be increase the corporate social responsibility by sponsoring for environmental campaign. Furthermore, it also can try to fulfil other stakeholders by providing better service for customers. 4.0 Solutions As the main issues is the pressure from the external force, less profit generated due to decrease in sales and shipping time delayed. The suggested solutions to encounter the pressure from the external force would be trying to fulfill WWFs concern by reducing shipping activities or negotiate with WWF to come out with an agreement. In addition, upgrading the tanker that can reduce the emissions of gas will be another suggested ways. On top of that, to maintain the profit, the company would have to lower the price of the petroleum as it would be less expensive compared to an alternative ways that is less harmful to the environment. Lastly, the company would have to upgrade the tanker engine and set up branch companies in overseas land. This mean they would have the storage there and then, so whenever there is orders nearby it could be deliver as soon as possible. 5.0 Rational Recommendation After deliberation and a further understanding of the company`s needs, our group would recommend MISC Berhad to negotiate and reach a consensus with the IMO. Besides that, MISC Berhad should also put its involvement in caring for the environment as one of its major priorities. Our group also recommends the shipping company to place a larger sum of its revenue into research to reduce the current level of emissions given out by the company`s operations. These steps would aid MISC berhad to have peaceful and good remarks from multiple major environmentalist organizations as the company has taken a huge leap into achieving an eco-friendly company. It would build a reputable name for the company and it would also be seen as a pioneer of shipping companies which took the first steps into reaching an environmental goal. 6.0 Conclusion

The Cause of World War I Essay -- World War 1 One WWI First History Es

The Cause of World War I I Feel that there many reasons for the start of the First World War and not just one, I think it’s a bit more complicated than that. I have put them into six categories but could be split into more if necessary. All the categories concern the main powers of Europe. The war was mainly started by feuds between the powers. There are alliances between the powers, ‘ The Triple Alliance, ’ which contained: Germany, Austria and Italy. ‘ The Triple Entente, ’ which contained: Great Britain, Russia and France. The trigger to the war I feel was the Franz Ferdinand incident. Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the Austrian-Hungry throne, on the 28th of June 1914 was attempted to be assassinated. The incident happened when a grenade hit his car, injuring an officer. Later on that day on his way to visit the officer in hospital, his driver took a wrong tern straight past Principe of the ‘Black Hand’ movement, who killed the Archduke and his wife. The next event in the chain was that because the Serbs want there people freed they cause up roar, as they are a Nationalist group. Serbia was commanding that they handed over Bosnia. Austria-Hungry after the Archduke being killed feel that they have to go to war with Serbia, but don’t want to as they know that if they do Russia will get involved, as there so many Slavs in Russia. Austria-Hungry go to Germany to ask for there backing in the war. On the 23rd of July, knowing that they will have Germanys backing, send ...

College Essay examples -- Teaching Education

College Every person who begins a college career has a multitude of reasons for doing so. Some people do it because they are expected to get a college degree. Others do it hoping for a better life than they could have without a college degree. I am not entering college for either of these reasons. I am a high school dropout who believes I can do better than I did. Therefore, my reasons for beginning college are some what different than the average person starting college for the first time. I have something to prove to myself. I want to prove that I can earn a college degree. I am beginning college after a long hiatus from the academic world. You see I dropped out of high school in 1973 after completing my sophomore year. I was young and in love with the man to whom I am still married. School was never a problem for me, however; I was eager to begin my adult life and high school was not part of my plan. I wanted children right away. Subsequently I gave birth to my first child, Tosha, in 1974 and education became the furthest thing from my mind. After all, I had a baby to care for and love. Twenty-two months later I had a son, Jason. I was a stay at home mom with two children. I didn’t begin work until both of them were school-aged. I held various jobs until 1985 when I became employed at Andover Togs in Pisgah. I still had not completed my high school education at this point. My children had always me to get my GED. I had excuse after excuse for no...

Essays --

Introduction The United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) has published that the tourism industry has experienced continued growth and diversification to become one of the largest and fastest growing economic sectors in the world for the past six decades. For many economies, tourism has become a key driver for socio-economic progress. It has generated an estimated gross output of US $3.5 trillion and the figure is expected to increase to US $7.0 trillion by 2011 (World Travel and Tourism Council, 2009). The future of the tourism industry is bright as the World Tourism Organization (WTO) forecasts that an estimated one billions tourists will be traveling around the world by the year 2010. The expansion and growth of tourism has contributed to the development of the developed countries as well as less developed counties. Moreover, the economic potential of tourism in less developed countries has been identified as an important contributing factor to global tourism growth (Palmer 2002; Honey 1999; Ashley & Reo 1998; Mowforth & Munt 1998). Malaysia, tourism is the second largest contributor to the economy next to the manufacturing sector. Malaysia’s efforts in developing and promoting its tourism products have produced impressive r esults. In year 2008, there were 22.05 million of tourist arrivals with total receipts of RM49.6 billion (USD13.4 billion). This amount represents an increase of 5.5% in tourist arrivals and an increase of 7.6% in revenue compared with year 2007. These increases are notable given difficulties and challenging environment with the global economic slowdown and the increase of oil prices in year 2008. The first quarter of 2009 showed a positive growth of 2.2% in tourist arrivals compared to the cor... ...budget and cost selection. 1.6.2 minor contribution A good quality of website with DSS system can use so many different field and promotion. This study don not only solve the current problems faced by the home stay Malaysia but it is can also be a generalized to other similar applications . thus it may help in overcoming the related problems faced by the other organizations in similar environment . Examples are such as in educational site, big industries, corporate office, large banking and firm stay. This study is hoped to be served as a guidance or reference for the similar field of future study. Outline of the paper Chapter two discusses the previous studies of homestay program with DSS system and its solutions. It reviews on literature which is relevant in the area of general homestay program. the discussions on similar works in multidimensional site.

Ethnicity and Police Essay

Understanding the usual representation of law enforcement among individuals in a neighborhood provides a meaningful indicator of support for the establishment between his government. Require knowledge of how people as a whole describe the application of law is a critical first step in increasing the connections between police and communities. This is why studies are distinguished ward movement of factors of policing. Furthermore, the rules of public representation of the application of the law can be compared. The production of this representation, establishments can learn if your printing is increasing or decreasing overtime, or if he or she is held in high esteem or lower estimates on people living in a neighborhood compared to other law enforcement in other neighborhoods. General versus specific measures argue that inconsistencies in the enforcement picture revealed in public opinion polls as a result of questioning format. The number of people living in a community that reported a positive law enforcement image presented general questions ranged from 75 % to 80 %. However, the decisive answer about one – sixth one half when individuals were given studies. They have evaluated different universes of meaning and are not just artifacts of meaningless comparisons of these measures. Factors that influence the overall image of the police and some of the causes that determine the overall image of law enforcement. Although it is unfinished several factors believed to influence the overall image are factors other than law enforcement people looked not over yet.One of the most compelling discussions on the general image of law enforcement is the way it is determined by the final result. Law enforcement makes, for example, control of crime, and enforcement methods used to create those results with equity and other views of the methods of enforcement. The processes are discussed further in the remainder of this paper, but the focus is on three types of power in the general image of the police: distinctive personal traits of people living in a neighborhood when asked to make a assessment , the nature of the contract that citizens have recently had with the police, and the media portrays of law enforcement and serious offenders. One of the most current findings of opinion polls about law enforcement is white individuals are happier with the police than other breeds. This information has been used for the past 40 years, leaving dozens of surveys in the United States and in other areas. An example of people living in a neighborhood are satisfied with law enforcement in 12 different areas. In fact , this information was retrieved by the Bureau of Justice Statistics , in 1998 , 90 % of whites were satisfied with law enforcement compared with 76% of African Americans and other races. In addition, Wisconsin 97 % of whites were happy with the police, while 91 % of African Americans were satisfied with the implementation of the law. Much of the data shows a positive relationship between age and attitude toward law enforcement. People under 18 who show less satisfaction with the police than adults. In a survey has not been reported for adolescents, insinuates that age can make a difference when older individuals compared to adolescents. However, this is only based on a survey conducted in a city, and another study reported that older people had a less favorable attitude towards the law enforcement adolescents. In other words, a teen does not mind the age of the adults, but decreases satisfaction and increases with age adolescents. The ratio of male or female satisfaction with the implementation of the law is not clear. Two surveys found that males have a more positive attitude concerning women just law enforcement. However, another study found that, as the male or female gender made no difference. Therefore, these two conflicting studies on gender does not make a big difference when it comes to law enforcement, but men are known to have a much better attitude toward law enforcement than women. Other influences such as color, what age is a man or woman are more familiar distinctive hesitate to police. However, many researchers found that people living in the middle class areas have a better attitude with the police. In fact, people who use scientific methods do not check that differences are different. There are two different aspects of influences. One is that people have different and distinctive relationships with law enforcement characteristics. Teenagers are more likely to be impartial because of  constant arrested, searched, given an input, placed under arrest, and given a warning over elderly. Two people coming from different backgrounds have different views on law enforcement and different ways to view events. Blacks and whites descriptions are similar, but African Americans have more selfish motives to the police for the reason African Americans are known to live in the slums and poor areas where violent crimes occur. Was to found people living in an area qualifies the process more generally, and seem to be more satisfied with the police, but . However, they found different demeanors are stronger when it comes to judges, lawyers, the courts and the legal system. Behavior towards the police are also related to the degree of participation in the political system. From the information mentioned herein are black people or white both have similar but different views of law enforcement based on the individual near also puts a live different perspective of how each race application views of the law, because African Americans are known to live in the slums and poor areas compared with white individuals living in areas of high middle class. Age also has some aspects in this because adolescents are compared to older adults. None of them should make a difference all people should be treated equally, regardless of race, gender, age and the district he or she resides and application of the law must be respected. In conclusion, there are several factors that are mentioned in this document illustrating African Americans and whites and how these two races are law enforcement. Age, gender, race, social statutes, economic, neighborhood effects and other influences play an important role in how individuals look to law enforcement. However, in some cases, African Americans are stopped, searched, cited, arrested, and given warning over elderly. Therefore, one can say that, under the law there is a difference in how it treats individuals. References Brown, K. & Coulter, P.B. (1983, January – February) ‘’Subjective and Objective Measures of Police Delivery† Public Administration Review, Bureau of Justice Statistics and the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services. (1999). Criminal Victimization and Perceptions of Policing, 22 Hindeland, R.J. (1994) â€Å"Citizens Preference and Perceptions Concerning Police Pursuit Policies† Journal of Criminal Justice 22 ()